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     Liber, Caput          grey = Comment text

   1     Pre              |                in 1810. To the poverty and untrustworthiness of Goerenz'
   2     Pre              |          students of the Universities, and also to pupils and teachers
   3     Pre              |       Universities, and also to pupils and teachers alike in all schools
   4     Pre              |             for Honours both at Oxford and Cambridge. My notes have
   5     Pre              |          number of intelligent pupils, and there is scarcely a note
   6     Pre              |           Cicero's philosophical views and the literary history of
   7     Pre              |                of Ciceronian Latinity, and lastly, to put it in his
   8     Pre              |               the editorship of Baiter and Halm as a continuation of
   9     Pre              |              the evidence he presents; and I have also studied all
  10     Pre              |           never, I believe, reprinted, and to Baiter's text in the
  11     Pre              |              Cicero's works by himself and Kayser. In a very few passages
  12     Pre              |      introduced emendations of my own, and that only where the conjecttires
  13     Pre              |                to the author's meaning and to a mastery of the Latin
  14     Pre              |               reader the arguments for and against different readings
  15     Pre              |                experience as a teacher and examiner has proved to me
  16     Pre              |            have with the peculiarities and niceties of language which
  17     Pre              |               in pointing out what is, and what is not, Ciceronian
  18     Pre              |        references from my own reading, and from other sources. Wherever
  19     Pre              |                 if it were new to him, and might solve any linguistic
  20     Pre              |              information they require, and have only dwelt in my own
  21     Pre              |            Zeller's Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics (whenever Zeller
  22     Pre              |       description this book is meant), and the Historia Philosophiae
  23     Pre              |        Historia Philosophiae of Ritter and Preller. The pages, not
  24     Pre              |           Diogenes Laertius, Stobaeus, and Sextus Empiricus, all of
  25     Pre              |                been published in cheap and convenient forms.~Although
  26     Pre              |              which I have kept in view and have explained above. Should
  27     Pre              |               others of the less known and less edited portions of
  28     Pre              |         subject so unusually difficult and so rarely edited I cannot
  29     Pre              |          prevalent in this University, and causes more than anything
  30     Pre              |         thankful for notices of errors and omissions from any who are
  31    Abbr              |             fragment or fragments; Gr. and Gk. = Greek; Introd. = Introduction;
  32    Abbr              |                subj. = subjunctive.~R. and P. = Ritter and Preller'
  33    Abbr              |        subjunctive.~R. and P. = Ritter and Preller's Historia Philosophiae
  34     Int,       I     |                a Student of Philosophy and Man of Letters: 9045 B.C.~
  35     Int,       I     |           lived constantly at Arpinum, and spent the greater part of
  36     Int,       I     |             for the old Latin dramatic and epic poetry which his son
  37     Int,       I     |          teacher's amiable disposition and refined style. He is the
  38     Int,       I     |               their lives that Atticus and his friend became acquainted
  39     Int,       I     |           circle of the time of Scipio and Laelius, became an inmate
  40     Int,       I     |    accomplished [iii] men of his time, and Cicero's feelings towards
  41     Int,       I     |            those of gratitude, esteem, and admiration.8~In the year
  42     Int,       I     |              master both of the theory and the practice of oratory.
  43     Int,       I     |               was swept from his mind, and he surrendered himself wholly,
  44     Int,       I     |               was overthrown for ever, and that the great career once
  45     Int,       I     |                the three most vigorous and important Greek schools.
  46     Int,       I     |          acquainted with their spirit, and with the main tenets of
  47     Int,       I     |       subsisted between the rhetorical and the ethical teaching of
  48     Int,       I     |             philosophy, law, rhetoric, and belles lettres. Many ambitious
  49     Int,       I     |             took their regular course, and Cicero appeared as a pleader
  50     Int,       I     |           years he was busily engaged, and then suddenly left Rome
  51     Int,       I     |          society of Greek philosophers and rhetoricians. The first
  52     Int,       I     |               months passed at Athens, and were almost entirely devoted
  53     Int,       I     |         lectures of that clear thinker and writer, as Diogenes calls
  54     Int,       I     |                teaching. He was biting and sarcastic in speech, and
  55     Int,       I     |               and sarcastic in speech, and spiteful in spirit, hence
  56     Int,       I     |             striking contrast to Patro and Phaedrus17. It is curious
  57     Int,       I     |              Cicero among those pupils and admirers of Carneades whom
  58     Int,       I     |            Phaedrus was now at Athens, and along with Atticus who loved
  59     Int,       I     |              controversy between Philo and Antiochus, Cicero still
  60     Int,       I     |            high value on the abilities and the learning of Antiochus,
  61     Int,       I     |              the time, both for talent and acquirement 23; as a man
  62     Int,       I     |                 as the most cultivated and keenest of the philosophers
  63     Int,       I     |            sprang up between Antiochus and Cicero27, which was strengthened
  64     Int,       I     |               as Piso, Varro, Lucullus and Brutus, more or less adhered
  65     Int,       I     |              learn philosophy; in Asia and at Rhodes he devoted himself
  66     Int,       I     |               expression of affection, and Cicero tells us that he
  67     Int,       I     |           later time resident at Rome, and stayed in Cicero's house.
  68     Int,       I     |               at this time. Mnesarchus and Dardanus, also hearers of
  69     Int,       I     |           belonged to an earlier time, and although Cicero was well
  70     Int,       I     |              busily engaged with legal and political affairs to spend
  71     Int,       I     |             repeatedly insists; [viii] and we know from his letters
  72     Int,       I     |            study of the Greek writers, and especially the philosophers.
  73     Int,       I     |              time to time came to Rome and frequented the houses of
  74     Int,       I     |           loathing for public affairs, and his love for books, to which
  75     Int,       I     |             way suited to his literary and philosophic tastes. This
  76     Int,       I     |              with literature, politics and oratory held quite a secondary
  77     Int,       I     |                him from the consulship and enabled him to indulge his
  78     Int,       I(34) |                          Ad Att. I. 10 and 11.~
  79     Int,       I     |               his consulship, in Latin and Greek, the Greek version
  80     Int,       I     |            being modelled on Isocrates and Aristotle; and the poem
  81     Int,       I     |               Isocrates and Aristotle; and the poem on his consulship,
  82     Int,       I     |              the works of Dicaearchus, and keeping up his acquaintance
  83     Int,       I     |             was in Greece at the time, and Cicero thus writes to Atticus: "
  84     Int,       I     |               Atticus: "If you love me and feel sure of my love for
  85     Int,       I     |               acquaintances, freedmen, and even slaves to prevent a
  86     Int,       I     |             Tusculum, Antium, Formiae, and elsewhere. I dwell with
  87     Int,       I     |            mere dabbler in literature, and that his works were extempore
  88     Int,       I     |             literature was insatiable, and his attainments in each
  89     Int,       I     |           Greeks, such as Theophrastus and Dicaearchus39. He also wrote
  90     Int,       I(39) |                          Ad Att. II. 7 and 16.~
  91     Int,       I     |      marvellous man named Dionysius41, and laughingly pronouncing that
  92     Int,       I     |                he tells us, his solace and support, and he would rather
  93     Int,       I     |                his solace and support, and he would rather sit in a
  94     Int,       I     |           politics must cease for him, and that he therefore returns
  95     Int,       I     |          professedly modelled on Plato and the older philosophers of
  96     Int,       I     |               much to his own pleasure and that of the Athenians. He
  97     Int,       I     |               the brother of Antiochus and teacher of Brutus. His acquaintance
  98     Int,       I(46) |                      Ad Qu. Fr. III. 5 and 6.~
  99     Int,       I     |     Peripatetics he had himself heard, and indeed equal in merit to
 100     Int,       I     |              Yet he yearned for Athens and philosophy. He wished to
 101     Int,       I     |         himself at the beautiful city, and anxiously asked Atticus
 102     Int,       I     |               noble Romans of the day, and of placing on them fulsome
 103     Int,       I     |              their hold upon his mind, and on his way home from Cilicia
 104     Int,       I     |                 to the two boys Marcus and Quintus, who accompanied
 105     Int,       I     |          Quintus, who accompanied him, and they probably touched there
 106     Int,       I     |           again stayed with Aristus57, and renewed his friendship with
 107     Int,       I     |               very critical condition, and left little room for thoughts
 108     Int,       I     |           These gave him real comfort, and his studies seemed to bear
 109     Int,       I     |             remaining letters to Varro and also to Sulpicius67. The
 110     Int,       I     |              the Paradoxa, the Orator, and the Laudatio Catonis, to
 111     Int,       I     |                the year the Hortensius and the De Finibus had probably
 112     Int,       I     |             probably both been planned and commenced. [xiv] Early in
 113     Int,       I     |           Cicero as the man of letters and the student of philosophy
 114     Int,       I(67) |                            Ibid. IV. 3 and 4.~
 115     Int,       I     |            minute survey of his works, and a comparison of them with
 116     Int,       I     |        groundlessness of many feelings and judgments now current which
 117     Int,       I     |            political weakness, vanity, and irresolution, make haste
 118     Int,       I     |              the desert of this dreary and voluminous writer." From
 119     Int,       I     |                political partizanship, and prejudices based on facts
 120     Int,      II     |                 Peripatetic, Epicurean and new Academic. These it would
 121     Int,      II     |       understood it, but as Posidonius and the other pupils of Panaetius
 122     Int,      II     |              of Zeno, Phaedrus, Patro, and Xeno; the doctrines taught
 123     Int,      II     |              well as that of Arcesilas and Carneades; the medley of
 124     Int,      II     |           Academicism, Peripateticism, and Stoicism put forward by
 125     Int,      II     |        distinguish between the earlier and later forms of doctrine
 126     Int,      II     |               the true from the false, and the determination of an
 127     Int,      II     |               the New Academic school, and in opposition to all other
 128     Int,      II     |               absolute, indestructible and irrefragable truth. One
 129     Int,      II     |                inclined him to charity and toleration, and repelled
 130     Int,      II     |                charity and toleration, and repelled him from the fury
 131     Int,      II     |            another with all gentleness and meekness75. In positiveness
 132     Int,      II     |               to be something reckless and disgraceful, unworthy of
 133     Int,      II     |           quoted as a warning example, and the baneful effects of authority
 134     Int,      II     |             example of the Old Academy and Aristotle80. Those who demand
 135     Int,      II     |                book of the De Finibus, and when the discrepancy is
 136     Int,      II     |           score that he is an Academic and a freeman83. "Modo hoc,
 137     Int,      II     |               Socrates, to rid himself and others of the mists of error87.
 138     Int,      II     |               the purposes of oratory, and the fact that eloquence
 139     Int,      II     |                  Orators, politicians, and stylists had ever found
 140     Int,      II     |               teaching of the Academic and Peripatetic masters91. The
 141     Int,      II     |      Peripatetic masters91. The Stoics and Epicureans cared nothing
 142     Int,      II     |            estimable, ceteris paribus, and that man was Carneades94.~
 143     Int,      II     |              vivendi). All speculative and non-ethical doctrines were
 144     Int,      II     |              the Pyrrhonian scepticism and of the dogmatism of Zeno
 145     Int,      II     |               of the dogmatism of Zeno and Epicurus. Their logical
 146     Int,      II     |                Epicurus. Their logical and physical doctrines were
 147     Int,      II(94) |                D. V. §11. D.F. II. §§1 and 2, etc.~
 148     Int,      II     |               Old Academy for the New, and admits the charge. How is
 149     Int,      II     |            thus. Arcesilas, Carneades, and Philo had been too busy
 150     Int,      II     |             their polemic against Zeno and his followers, maintained
 151     Int,      II     |               which Cicero had written and published before the Academica,
 152     Int,      II     |           imitations of early Academic and Peripatetic writers, who,
 153     Int,      II     |                dialectic to the front, and pronounced boldly for Carneades,
 154     Int,      II     |                champion of an exploded and discredited school96.~Cicero'
 155     Int,      II(96) |                N.D. i. §6. Ac. ii. §§1 and 1.~
 156     Int,      II     |               respect of their ethical and religious ideas he calls
 157     Int,      II     |             ideas he calls them "great and famous philosophers99,"
 158     Int,      II     |                famous philosophers99," and he frequently speaks with
 159     Int,      II     |              at the hands of Arcesilas and Carneades. Once he gives
 160     Int,      II     |            maintained that it was not, and in a remarkable passage
 161     Int,      II     |                   He begs the Academic and Peripatetic schools to cease
 162     Int,      II     |            uncertain sound (balbutire) and to allow that the happiness
 163     Int,      II     |            doctrine that virtue is one and indivisible104. These opinions,
 164     Int,      II     |           feeling with regard to Zeno, and there can be no doubt that
 165     Int,      II     |           difference between Antiochus and Cicero lies. To the former
 166     Int,      II     |              Zeno's dialectic was true and Socratic, while the latter
 167     Int,      II     |             was very human in his joys and sorrows, refused it with
 168     Int,      II     |                between the Peripatetic and Stoic ethics was merely
 169     Int,      II     |              the Tusculan Disputations and the De Officiis.~With regard
 170     Int,      II     |                power. Piety, sanctity, and moral good, were impossible
 171     Int,      II     |              beautiful Stoic theology, and he defends the great sceptic
 172     Int,      II     |       discrepancy between the spurious and the genuine Aristotelian
 173     Int,      II     |                by a study of Aristotle and Plato. For a thorough understanding
 174     Int,      II     |              Plato, which he knew well and translated, is especially
 175     Int,      II     |              in the main Aristotelian, and that Cicero was well aware
 176     Int,      II     |            estimate of the Peripatetic and Epicurean schools. The former
 177     Int,      II     |           their ignorance of logic112, and in ethics had approximated
 178     Int,      II     |                grossly unintellectual, and they discarded mathematics.
 179     Int,      II     |            dialectic they did not use, and they crowned all their errors
 180     Int,      II     |         indifferent to every adornment and beauty of language. ~
 181     Int,     III     |          originality as a philosopher, and on that score to depreciate
 182     Int,     III     |             Sextus Empiricus, Plutarch and other authorities, will
 183     Int,     III     |       unimportant influence on society and on the Christian religion
 184     Int,     III     |           education of his countrymen, and to enrich their literature.
 185     Int,     III     |                was the first to write, and his books seem to have had
 186     Int,     III     |            whole of Italy115. Rabirius and Catius the Insubrian, possibly
 187     Int,     III     |        Insubrian, possibly the epicure and friend of Horace, were two
 188     Int,     III     |          philosophy for Latin readers, and the voluptuous blandishments
 189     Int,     III     |              for morality in the legal and social constitution of the
 190     Int,     III     |            constitution of the family, and did not much feel the need
 191     Int,     III     |              this subject, interesting and important as it is in itself,
 192     Int,     III     |          important as it is in itself, and neglected though it has
 193     Int,     III     |             his sweeping condemnation, and being unwilling to allow
 194     Int,     III     |           Lucretius was an obscure man and only slowly won his way
 195     Int,     III     |              thought it would flourish and take the place of oratory,
 196     Int,     III     |           enforced political inaction, and amid the disorganisation
 197     Int,     III     |            Cicero idleness was misery, and in those evil times he was
 198     Int,     III     |             oratory, public harangues, and politics126. It is strange
 199     Int,     III     |        devoting himself to philosophy, and a careless reader might
 200     Int,     III     |            Romans unmanly, unpractical and unstatesmanlike127. There
 201     Int,     III     |              such pursuits altogether, and to regard any fresh importation
 202     Int,     III     |      depreciation, sufficient interest and sympathy were roused by
 203     Int,     III     |              cared, praised the books, and many were incited both to
 204     Int,     III     |              were incited both to read and to write philosophy130.
 205     Int,     III     |              we possess, the Academica and the De Finibus, required
 206     Int,     III     |          claims to have his oratorical and political writings, all
 207     Int,     III     |          Crantor's book, περι πενθους, and the Hortensius, which was
 208     Int,     III     |         philosophical works of Cicero, and the dates of their composition,
 209     Int,      IV     |             Latin coast between Antium and [xxxii] Circeii134. Here
 210     Int,      IV     |              best solace for his pain, and wrote for whole days together135.
 211     Int,      IV     |            dense woods near his villa, and remain there absorbed in
 212     Int,      IV     |              would return to the forum and the senate. A grief, which
 213     Int,      IV     |           senate. A grief, which books and solitude could scarcely
 214     Int,      IV     |               very much for historical and biographical details, and
 215     Int,      IV     |              and biographical details, and in the letter in question
 216     Int,      IV     |               of the combined Academic and Peripatetic schools under
 217     Int,      IV     |              announced later still152; and even at a later date Cicero
 218     Int,      IV     |                books, entitled Catulus and Lucullus, of the Priora
 219     Int,      IV     |            work156, while συνταγμα157, and συγγραμμα158, designate
 220     Int,      IV     |               of Cicero to the Catulus and Lucullus. Krische, however,
 221     Int,      IV     |                view is unsatisfactory, and prefers to hold that the
 222     Int,      IV     |         Hortensius (or de Philosophia) and the Priora Academica are
 223     Int,      IV     |            book was written at Astura, and published before the Academica.
 224     Int,      IV     |              the Tusculan Disputations and the De Divinatione161 the
 225     Int,      IV     |          Divinatione161 the Hortensius and the Academica are mentioned
 226     Int,      IV     |                the former was finished and given to the world before
 227     Int,      IV     |           disputed that the Hortensius and the Academica must have
 228     Int,      IV     |            closely connected, in style and tone, than any two works
 229     Int,      IV     |        excepting perhaps the Academica and the De Finibus. The interlocutors
 230     Int,      IV     |              been added to the Catulus and Lucullus, in which the public
 231     Int,      IV     |           known attainments of Catulus and Lucullus, and the parts
 232     Int,      IV     |               of Catulus and Lucullus, and the parts they were made
 233     Int,      IV     |      statements concerning the ability and culture of these two noble
 234     Int,      IV     |            noble Romans which he knew, and in his own letters to Atticus
 235     Int,      IV     |         arrange some business matters, and to avoid the embarrassing
 236     Int,      IV     |          transfer the parts of Catulus and Lucullus to Cato and Brutus169.
 237     Int,      IV     |           Catulus and Lucullus to Cato and Brutus169. This plan was
 238     Int,      IV     |       Academica, allowing that Catulus and Lucullus, though of noble
 239     Int,      IV     |         another place was to be found, and the remark was made that
 240     Int,      IV     |               a follower of Antiochus, and the fittest person to expound
 241     Int,      IV     |           interlocutors himself, Varro and Atticus178. The position
 242     Int,      IV     |               consider the matter over and over again before he finally
 243     Int,      IV     |              naturally grew impatient, and Cicero was obliged to assure
 244     Int,      IV     |               I am in favour of Varro, and the more so because he wishes
 245     Int,      IV     |                 feared Varro's temper, and perhaps his knowledge and
 246     Int,      IV     |              and perhaps his knowledge and real critical fastidiousness.
 247     Int,      IV     |               communicated with Varro, and to have assured Cicero that
 248     Int,      IV     |              take a general assurance, and anxiously asked for a detailed
 249     Int,      IV     |            more brilliant, more terse, and altogether better than the
 250     Int,      IV     |               surpass190." The binding and adornment of the presentation
 251     Int,      IV     |              received great attention, and the letter accompanying
 252     Int,      IV     |               everything had been done and the book had been sent to
 253     Int,      IV     |             Atticus: "I tell you again and again that the presentation
 254     Int,      IV     |              necessary, because Balbus and Caerellia had just managed
 255     Int,      IV     |                to meet Atticus at Rome and send the work to Varro,
 256     Int,      IV     |           Posteriora was completed200, and often subsequently, when
 257     Int,      IV     |          quaestio, Ακαδημικη συνταξις, and Academia, are merely descriptive203;
 258     Int,      IV     |            entirely at Astura, Antium, and Arpinum.~Quintilian seems
 259     Int,      IV     |                to by Nonius, Diomedes, and Lactantius, under the title
 260     Int,      IV     |               only as Academici libri, and his references show that
 261     Int,      IV     |          examine into the constitution and arrangement of the two editions.~
 262     Int,      IV     |            characters in this dialogue and the Lucullus are among those
 263     Int,      IV     |                those genuine Optimates and adherents of the senatorial
 264     Int,      IV     |             political career of father and son we shall have little
 265     Int,      IV     |                philosophy of the time, and the nature of their connection
 266     Int,      IV     |           sometimes classes the father and son together as men of literary
 267     Int,      IV     |                men of literary culture and perfect masters of Latin
 268     Int,      IV     |            foremost Optimates of Rome, and his character, life, and
 269     Int,      IV     |               and his character, life, and influence are often depicted
 270     Int,      IV     |                state215, Cicero cries, and deserves to be classed with
 271     Int,      IV     |              opposes the Manilian law, and asks the people on whom
 272     Int,      IV     |               Catilinarian conspiracy, and was the first to confer
 273     Int,      IV     |          bidding him remember "Catulus and the olden times223." The
 274     Int,      IV     |             between the zeal of Cicero and the lukewarmness of his
 275     Int,      IV     |             the passages above quoted, and from our knowledge of Cicero'
 276     Int,      IV     |       consulship was once more lauded, and great stress was laid upon
 277     Int,      IV     |               Archias with the Catuli, and to the poem he had written
 278     Int,      IV     |           dialogue, its supposed date, and the place where it was held,
 279     Int,      IV     |            B.C. in which Catulus died, and 63, the year of Cicero's
 280     Int,      IV     |             speakers had been engaged; and after more compliments had
 281     Int,      IV     |        difference between the dogmatic and sceptic schools. Catulus
 282     Int,      IV     |              to speak of the character and philosophical opinions of
 283     Int,      IV     | accomplishments. Throughout the second and third books he is treated
 284     Int,      IV     |            touches on Greek literature and philosophy. We are especially
 285     Int,      IV     |               acquaintance with Greek, and his style of speaking it,
 286     Int,      IV     |       systematic rhetoric of Aristotle and Theophrastus is most to
 287     Int,      IV     |                Cicero had imitated238, and was well known as a wit
 288     Int,      IV     |                was well known as a wit and writer of epigrams239.~Although
 289     Int,      IV     |         schools can the orator spring, and the whole tone of the De
 290     Int,      IV     |             information [l] from books and especially from the writings
 291     Int,      IV     |               the case of Antonius243, and Crassus244. It is scarcely
 292     Int,      IV     |              intercourse between Philo and Catulus can have taken place,
 293     Int,      IV     |                later years of Catulus, and no one at all conversant
 294     Int,      IV     |               No follower of Carneades and Clitomachus, such as Catulus
 295     Int,      IV     |              of a defence of Carneades and Arcesilas against [li] the
 296     Int,      IV     |              distinction between αδηλα and ακαταληπτα would be a peculiarly
 297     Int,      IV     |        reserved for the most brilliant and incisive orator of the party—
 298     Int,      IV     |                 the speech of Catulus, and the succeeding one of Hortensius.
 299     Int,      IV     |       philosophy, which both Carneades and Philo had wrongly abandoned.
 300     Int,      IV     |              to make Varro speak first and not second as Hortensius
 301     Int,      IV     |              philosophy altogether258, and denied that philosophy and
 302     Int,      IV     |             and denied that philosophy and wisdom were at all the same
 303     Int,      IV     |            cultivated man of the time, and would only be put forward
 304     Int,      IV     |             Cicero, also his character and attainments, are too well
 305     Int,      IV     |               from the published works and oral teaching of Antiochus.~
 306     Int,      IV     |        essential harmony with the Old, and also with those ancient
 307     Int,      IV     |       philosophy, who appeals to great and ancient names like a seditious
 308     Int,      IV     |         Parmenides, Xenophanes, Plato, and Socrates264. But Cicero
 309     Int,      IV     |                of καταληπτικη φαντασια and εννοιαι (which though really
 310     Int,      IV(264)|                 Cf. II. §1 with I. §4, and II. §§5, 5.~
 311     Int,      IV     |          important terms in the Stoic, and to some extent in the Antiochean
 312     Int,      IV     |           position of the New Academy, and not to advance sceptical
 313     Int,      IV     |              were really out of place, and were merely introduced in
 314     Int,      IV     |                 The whole constitution and tenor of the elaborate speech
 315     Int,      IV     |                of Catulus, Hortensius, and Cicero had gone over nearly
 316     Int,      IV     |               doubtless, Philo himself and Clitomachus.~In that intermediate
 317     Int,      IV     |              the Academica, where Cato and Brutus appeared in the place
 318     Int,      IV     |                the place of Hortensius and Lucullus, there can be no
 319     Int,      IV     |          Catulus early in the morning, and came to that of Hortensius
 320     Int,      IV     |                with its polished floor and lines of statues, the waves
 321     Int,      IV     |           waves rippled at their feet, and the sea away to the horizon
 322     Int,      IV     |               to the horizon glistened and quivered under the bright
 323     Int,      IV     |         quivered under the bright sun, and changed colour under the
 324     Int,      IV     |              sight lay the Cuman shore and Puteoli, thirty stadia distant281.~
 325     Int,      IV     |              vividness to the dialogue and [lviii] to keep it perfectly
 326     Int,      IV     |        dramatic283. The many political and private troubles which were
 327     Int,      IV     |                Still we can catch here and there traces of thoughts
 328     Int,      IV     |               there traces of thoughts and plans which were actively
 329     Int,      IV     |          Finibus, the De Natura Deorum and other works are shadowed
 330     Int,      IV     |           publication of the Academica and De Finibus, is clearly to
 331     Int,      IV     |              to be seen285.~Hortensius and Catulus now sink to a secondary
 332     Int,      IV     |             told in Cicero's dialogue, and the passages already quoted
 333     Int,      IV     |           Sicily was the poet Archias, and during the whole of his
 334     Int,      IV     |                Tyrius, Tetrilius Rogus and the Selii, all men of philosophic
 335     Int,      IV     |               of the Senatorial party, and Cato and Brutus lived to
 336     Int,      IV     |             Senatorial party, and Cato and Brutus lived to be present,
 337     Int,      IV     |                war between Pompey [lx] and Caesar. Brutus and Cicero
 338     Int,      IV     |                 lx] and Caesar. Brutus and Cicero were both friends
 339     Int,      IV     |              both friends of Antiochus and Aristus, whose pupil Brutus
 340     Int,      IV     |               necessary in the scenery and other accessories of the
 341     Int,      IV     |             the Cuman villa of Catulus and almost within sight of Hortensius'
 342     Int,      IV     |                the death of Tullia294, and the publication of the Hortensius295.
 343     Int,      IV     |             the date of Tullia's death and the writing of the Academica,
 344     Int,      IV     |               shown that Varro, Cicero and Atticus could not have met
 345     Int,      IV     |                at once occur to Varro, and Cicero anticipates his wonder
 346     Int,      IV     |               contact between his life and that of Cicero, with a few
 347     Int,      IV     |       sufficient to show his character and the impossibility of anything
 348     Int,      IV     |            Cicero had eulogised Varro; and in the letter to which I
 349     Int,      IV     |                s return from exile, he and Varro remained in the same
 350     Int,      IV     |             the Pompeian cause, Cicero and Varro do seem to have been
 351     Int,      IV     |              they are all cold, forced and artificial; very different
 352     Int,      IV     |              Caelius, Paetus, Plancus, and Trebatius. They all show
 353     Int,      IV     |             the harsh temper of Varro, and a humility in presence of
 354     Int,      IV     |           negotiations between Atticus and Cicero with respect to the
 355     Int,      IV     |                a follower of Antiochus and the so-called Old Academy.
 356     Int,      IV     |              possible, by an elaborate and pedantic process of exhaustion,
 357     Int,      IV     |            edition preserved by Nonius and others. Roughly speaking,
 358     Int,      IV     |               from the second edition, and can tell us nothing about
 359     Not,       1     |               14. Summary. Cic., Varro and Atticus meet at Cumae (1).
 360     Not,       1     |               serve no useful purpose, and points to the failures of
 361     Not,       1     |    philosophers as well as Greek poets and orators. He gives reasons
 362     Not,       1     |              himself make the attempt, and instancing the success of
 363     Not,       1     |             New. Cic. defends himself, and appeals to Philo for the
 364     Not,       1     |           difference between Antiochus and Philo. Varro agrees, and
 365     Not,       1     |               and Philo. Varro agrees, and promises an exposition of
 366     Not,       1     |              Madv. tum for eum (Baiter and Halm's ed. of 1861, p. 854).
 367     Not,       1     |       unemphatic is, cf. T.D. III. 71, and M.D.F. V. 22. I may note
 368     Not,       1     |            novi: Roma is the ablative, and some verb like attulisset
 369     Not,       1     |               II. 4. Monumentis: this, and not monimentis (Halm) or
 370     Not,       1     |             Div. II. 1, Cat. Mai. 38), and moreover nothing is more
 371     Not,       1     |                the repetition of words and clauses in slightly altered
 372     Not,       1     |               MSS., makes Cic. write i and e indiscriminately in the
 373     Not,       1     |            show that interrogatiuncula and conclusiuncula are almost
 374     Not,       1     |           denoting the Greekρητορικη and διαλεκτικη; note on 32.
 375     Not,       1     |               clause which intensifies and does not merely explain
 376     Not,       1     |             editors from Lamb. to Halm and Baiter read efficientis,
 377     Not,       1     |          efficientes, for which cf. 24 and Topica, 58, proximus locus
 378     Not,       1     |            authority, it must be kept, and adhibenda etiam begins the
 379     Not,       1     |     continentur without cum, so Orelli and Klotz. Goer. absurdly tries
 380     Not,       1     |                the MSS., given by Halm and also Baiter. Madv. (Em.
 381     Not,       1     |             was adduced (T.D. III. 14) and the usage probably is not
 382     Not,       1     |            physics. If quoniam is read and no break made at adducere,
 383     Not,       1     |                X. 6 (qu. Zeller, 451), and less accurately by Athenaeus,
 384     Not,       1     |            Athenaeus, VII. 279 (qu. R. and P. 353). Ne suspicari quidem:
 385     Not,       1     |               suspicari (D.F. II. 20), and verbs of the kind (cogitari
 386     Not,       1     |                kind (cogitari II. 82), and especially, as Durand remarked,
 387     Not,       1     |              not only se, but me, nos, and other accusatives of pronouns
 388     Not,       1     |               si—sive or sive—si. This and two or three other similar
 389     Not,       1     |              Madv. in a most important and exhaustive excursus to his
 390     Not,       1     |              his D.F. (p. 785, ed. 2), and are connected with other
 391     Not,       1     |                as did Turn. Lamb. Dav. and others. Quam nos ... probamus:
 392     Not,       1     |               I am surprised that Halm and Baiter both follow Ernesti
 393     Not,       1     |            phrase explicare Academiam, and read erunt against the MSS.,
 394     Not,       1     |            nequeo, volo, malo, possum, and such verbs when an infinitive
 395     Not,       1     |              of firmness, consistency, and clearness of mind are bound
 396     Not,       1     |              90. I therefore hold Halm and Baiter to be wrong in bracketing
 397     Not,       1     |             would also prefer. De, ab, and ex follow haurire indifferently
 398     Not,       1     |      Praeconinus, the master of Varro, and the earliest systematic
 399     Not,       1     |              Menippean Satires remain, and have often been editedmost
 400     Not,       1     |               after Faber ejects quae, and is followed by Baiter. Varro
 401     Not,       1     |              word occurs nowhere else, and Cic. almost condemns it
 402     Not,       1     |            tyrannus (De Rep. III. 45), and anapaestus (T.D. III. 57)
 403     Not,       1     |               which is taken by Baiter and by Halm; who quotes with
 404     Not,       1     |         nescient to suit malent above, and is followed by Baiter. It
 405     Not,       1     |                strong for the passage, and cannot be supported by 12,
 406     Not,       1     |         imitati: note the collocation, and cf. 17. Halm needlessly
 407     Not,       1     |          prologues to D.F. I., T.D. I. and II.~§11. Procuratio: for
 408     Not,       1     |           proper meaning of procurator and procuratio see Jordan on
 409     Not,       1     |                 fragment 7, ed. Nobbe, and Introd. p. 32. Aut ... aut ...
 410     Not,       1     |            praise often recurs in D.F. and the Brutus Graecia desideret
 411     Not,       1     |                which has Graeca. Halm (and after him Baiter) adopts
 412     Not,       1     |         Turnebus, a Graecia desideres, and that of Dav. Graecia desideretur.
 413     Not,       1     |               56. Aristum: cf. II. 11, and M.D.F. V. 8.~§13. Sine te: =
 414     Not,       1     |               Pro Cluentio 16, Classen and Baiter now om. the word.
 415     Not,       1     |               the word. Further, vetus and nova can scarcely be so
 416     Not,       1     |          barely used to denote the Old and the New Academy. The reading
 417     Not,       1     |               is from Madv. (Em. 115), and is supported by illam veterem (
 418     Not,       1     |            istius veteris (D.F. V. 8), and similar uses. Bentl. (followed
 419     Not,       1     |               Bentl. (followed by Halm and Bait.) thinks iam comprises
 420     Not,       1     |             words often occur together and illustrate Cic.'s love for
 421     Not,       1     |             verbs of the first conjug. and vice versa. In libris: see
 422     Not,       1     |                the Academy refer to R. and P. 404. Contra ea Philonis:
 423     Not,       1     |        Possibly the MSS. may be right, and libros may be supplied from
 424     Not,       1     |                 To make contra an adv. and construe Philonis Antiochus
 425     Not,       1     |               Goerenz's note, is wild, and cannot be justified by D.F.
 426     Not,       1     |             praestantissima recensio," and founds his own text upon
 427     Not,       1     |         without essent as a hexameter, and suppose it a quotation.
 428     Not,       1     |         dialogues cf. De Div. II. 150, and Augustine, the imitator
 429     Not,       1     |               of a clause in Brut. 24, and considitur in De Or. III.
 430     Not,       1     |              Socrates rejected physics and made ethics supreme in philosophy (
 431     Not,       1     |              task (16). Plato added to and enriched the teaching of
 432     Not,       1     |          negative position of Socrates and adopted definite tenets,
 433     Not,       1     |                anotherthe Peripatetic and the Academic (17, 18).~§
 434     Not,       1     |                adding quasi in II. 26, and often. Avocavisse philosophiam:
 435     Not,       1     |              however occurred to Cic., and were curiously answered
 436     Not,       1     |              the passages quoted by R. and P. 141. To form an opinion
 437     Not,       1     |     Philosopher (trans. by Thirlwall), and Zeller's Socrates and the
 438     Not,       1     |                  and Zeller's Socrates and the Socratic Schools, Eng.
 439     Not,       1     |              as it relates to Socrates and Plato. Nihil tamen ad bene
 440     Not,       1     |            valere is absent from MSS., and is inserted by Halm, its
 441     Not,       1     |                three may (cf. II. 63), and though with pairs of nouns
 442     Not,       1     |             though with pairs of nouns and adjectives, et often is
 443     Not,       1     |         Wesenberg, reprinted in Baiter and Halm's edition, of Cic.'
 444     Not,       1     |              Halm has tantum. Tam, tum and tamen are often confused
 445     Not,       1     |               inconsistent as the MSS. and edd. make him (cf. Baiter
 446     Not,       1     |              edd. make him (cf. Baiter and Halm's ed., Ac. II. 11,
 447     Not,       1     |                  C.I. vol. I. nos. 571 and 1007) give duos, which Cic.
 448     Not,       1     |              Duo is in old Latin poets and Virgil. Chalcedonium: not
 449     Not,       1     |                above, Lipsius keeps it and ejects philosophiae, while
 450     Not,       1     |             hands of the old Academics and Peripatetics. Ars = τεχνη,
 451     Not,       1     |               Inscr., vol. I. nos. 198 and 200, has thrice discriptos
 452     Not,       1     |         videtur: MSS. transpose quidem and videtur, as in 44. Quidem,
 453     Not,       1     |              in n. on 36. The Platonic and Aristotelian ethics have
 454     Not,       1     |           affects everything Athenian, and speaks as though he were
 455     Not,       1     |           three kinds, mental, bodily, and external. The bodily are
 456     Not,       1     |                two classes, congenital and acquired, virtue being the
 457     Not,       1     |           which virtue has chief part, and is capable in itself of
 458     Not,       1     |          intelligent account of action and duty (23).~§19. Ratio triplex:
 459     Not,       1     |              Aug. De Civ. Dei VIII. 4, and by Diog. Laert. III. 56 (
 460     Not,       1     |                 Laert. III. 56 (see R. and P., p. 195). The division
 461     Not,       1     |           farther back than Xenocrates and the post-Aristotelian Peripatetics,
 462     Not,       1     |                it enabled more sharply and decisively to subordinate
 463     Not,       1     |            later. Ac primum: many MSS. and edd. primam, cf. 23, 30.
 464     Not,       1     |               have found this in Plato and Aristotle is difficult to
 465     Not,       1     |             compared with our passage, and Varro in Aug. XIX. 3. The
 466     Not,       1     |                passed into Stoic hands and then into those of Antiochus.
 467     Not,       1     |               is foreign both to Plato and Arist, though Stobaeus,
 468     Not,       1     |                of Stob. Eth. II. 6, 7, and T.D. V. 22. Sensus integros
 469     Not,       1     |      Ciceronian, recalls presse loqui, and N.D. II. 149. Pliny, Panegyric,
 470     Not,       1     |                explanavitque verba; he and Quintilian often so use
 471     Not,       1     |            Halm), but cf. T.D. III. 2, and animis below and in N.D.
 472     Not,       1     |               III. 2, and animis below and in N.D. II. 58. In naturam
 473     Not,       1     |                αρεται into διανοητικαι and ηθικαι (Nic. Eth. I. c.
 474     Not,       1     |              αγχινοια σοφια φρονησις), and the docilitas, memoria of
 475     Not,       1     |               oratio obliqua to recta, and cf. the opposite change
 476     Not,       1     |              cf. M.D.F. IV. 64, 66, R. and P. 392, sq., Zeller, Stoics
 477     Not,       1     |                26, D.F. IV. 35, V. 38, and Madvig's note on D.F. II.
 478     Not,       1     |               omit et between cernitur and in, exc. Halm's G which
 479     Not,       1     |              which has in before animi and also before corporis. These
 480     Not,       1     |            portion of the εκτος αγαθα, and although not strictly contained
 481     Not,       1     |             are necessary to enrich it and preserve it. Of the things
 482     Not,       1     |        division of αγαθα into ποιητικα and φυλακτικα, Stob. II. 6,
 483     Not,       1     |             dum, the subj. is strange, and was felt to be so by the
 484     Not,       1     |          appellantur. Videbatur: Goer. and Orelli stumble over this,
 485     Not,       1     |          ethical finis with that in 19 and the passages quoted in my
 486     Not,       1     |              Stoic τα πρωτα κατα φυσιν and the Peripatetic τριλογια.
 487     Not,       1     |        practical identity of the Stoic and Peripatetic views of the
 488     Not,       1     |            away the ground from action and duty, see II. 24. Recti
 489     Not,       1     |              that is consists of force and matter, which are never
 490     Not,       1     |                formless matter, matter and space are infinitely subdivisible (
 491     Not,       1     |            acts on the formless matter and so produces the ordered
 492     Not,       1     |          Reason permeates the universe and makes it eternal. This Reason
 493     Not,       1     |              translation both of φυσις and ουσια. Here it is ουσια
 494     Not,       1     |              distinction between Force and Matter, the active and passive
 495     Not,       1     |           Force and Matter, the active and passive agencies in the
 496     Not,       1     |              is of course Aristotelian and Platonic. Antiochus however
 497     Not,       1     |                Handbook, pp 99105. R. and P. 273 sq. should be consulted
 498     Not,       1     |            with logical genus (ειδος), and of Matter (‛υλη) with logical
 499     Not,       1     |         attempt to translate το ποιουν and το πασχον of the Theaetetus,
 500     Not,       1     |                the Theaetetus, το οθεν and το δεχομενον of the Timaeus (


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