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   1     Ded              |               ACADEMICA,~THIS EDITION~IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED~
   2     Pre              |        edition with explanatory notes is that of Goerenz, published
   3     Pre              |          superior to that of Goerenz, is very deficient when judged
   4     Pre              |             in those where an attempt is made to impart such instruction
   5     Pre              |         intelligent pupils, and there is scarcely a note of mine
   6     Pre              |             obtain access. The result is a text which lies considerably
   7     Pre              |               of the texts now in use is depriving a Classical training
   8     Pre              |               which they are obtained is worthless for the purposes
   9     Pre              |          purposes of education, which is thus made to rest on memory
  10     Pre              |       important places where the text is doubtful.~My experience
  11     Pre              |        students for whom this edition is intended have a far smaller
  12     Pre              |             done in pointing out what is, and what is not, Ciceronian
  13     Pre              |        pointing out what is, and what is not, Ciceronian Latin. I
  14     Pre              |            actual quotation.~As there is no important doctrine of
  15     Pre              |              Ancient Philosophy which is not touched upon somewhere
  16     Pre              |        somewhere in the Academica, it is evidently impossible for
  17     Pre              |             complete for a reader who is studying that subject for
  18     Pre              |             Sceptics (whenever Zeller is quoted without any further
  19     Pre              |         further description this book is meant), and the Historia
  20     Pre              |          forms.~Although this edition is primarily intended for junior
  21     Pre              |               for junior students, it is hoped that it may not be
  22     Pre              |            greatly need. Moreover, it is a great gain, even at the
  23     Pre              |             over-fastidiousness which is so prevalent in this University,
  24     Int,       I     |     disposition and refined style. He is the only Epicurean, with,
  25     Int,       I     |           important Greek schools. It is fair to conclude that he
  26     Int,       I     |            tour in Eastern Hellas. It is usually supposed that he
  27     Int,       I     |        Roscius. The silence of Cicero is enough to condemn this theory,
  28     Int,       I     |              Patro and Phaedrus17. It is curious to find that Zeno
  29     Int,       I     |             curious to find that Zeno is numbered by Cicero among
  30     Int,       I     |               the same time, but this is nowhere explicitly stated.
  31     Int,       I     |            school then at Athens. Nor is any mention made of a Peripatetic
  32     Int,       I     |              not then at Athens22; it is probable, however, from
  33     Int,       I     |               the pupil of Critolaus, is frequently named by Cicero,
  34     Int,       I     |         exercised over our author. It is sufficient here to say that
  35     Int,       I     |            the views of Antiochus. It is improbable that Cicero at
  36     Int,       I     |           since in the Academica28 he is mentioned in such a way
  37     Int,       I     |               a minute inquirer32. He is scarcely ever mentioned
  38     Int,       I     |              pronouncing that nothing is sweeter than universal knowledge.
  39     Int,       I     |          allowed to drop45. Aristotle is especially mentioned as
  40     Int,       I     |             description of the tyrant is present to [xiii] his mind60;
  41     Int,       I     |       deliberates about the course he is himself to take, he naturally
  42     Int,       I     |              the thirty tyrants61. It is curious to find Cicero,
  43     Int,       I     |              his letters at this time is the same: see especially
  44     Int,       I     |        philosophical works of Cicero, is sufficient to justify his
  45     Int,       I     |               So far as the Academica is concerned, I have had in
  46     Int,       I     |  philosophical attainments, but there is one piece of unfairness
  47     Int,       I     |              xv] than the present. It is this. Cicero, the philosopher,
  48     Int,       I     |              Cicero, the philosopher, is made to suffer for the shortcomings
  49     Int,      II     |        doctrine held by these schools is still a great desideratum.
  50     Int,      II     |            any discrepancy appear, it is at once concluded that Cicero
  51     Int,      II     |            once concluded that Cicero is in gross error, whereas,
  52     Int,      II     |                in all probability, he is uttering opinions which
  53     Int,      II     |              criticism of Madvig even is not free from this error,
  54     Int,      II     |               that absolute knowledge is impossible was the one Academic
  55     Int,      II     |          followed the New Academy.~It is easy to see what there was
  56     Int,      II     |              free conflict of opinion is necessary [xviii] to the
  57     Int,      II     |               has pined. Pythagoras78 is quoted as a warning example,
  58     Int,      II     |               said for every view. It is a positive duty to discuss
  59     Int,      II     |              and when the discrepancy is pointed out, refuses to
  60     Int,      II     |      statements, on the score that he is an Academic and a freeman83. "
  61     Int,      II     |            Chrysippus86. The Academic is only anxious that people
  62     Int,      II     |               of error87. This spirit is even found in Lucullus the
  63     Int,      II     |             to follow89. The probable is for it the true.~Another
  64     Int,      II     |             art could be reared. This is equally true of the Pyrrhonian
  65     Int,      II     |            trouble to editors. Cicero is there charged by Varro with
  66     Int,      II     |            and admits the charge. How is this to be reconciled with
  67     Int,      II     |         Academy to the New. This view is confirmed by the fact that
  68     Int,      II     |              the dialectical dialogue is rejected, is in the De Legibus
  69     Int,      II     |     dialectical dialogue is rejected, is in the De Legibus spoken
  70     Int,      II     |            Stoic doctrine that virtue is one and indivisible104.
  71     Int,      II     |      authority for them105. Zeno, who is merely an ignoble craftsman
  72     Int,      II     |            from the Old Academy. This is Cicero's general feeling
  73     Int,      II     |             chiefly the dialectic. It is just in this that the difference
  74     Int,      II     |             knew well and translated, is especially important. It
  75     Int,     III     |               philosophical works.~It is usual to charge Cicero with
  76     Int,     III     |      depreciate his works. The charge is true, but still absurd,
  77     Int,     III     |      conclusion drawn from the charge is also quite unwarranted.
  78     Int,     III     |              philosophy of the Greeks is of any value, Cicero's works
  79     Int,     III     |            are of equal value, for it is only from them that we get
  80     Int,     III     |           Such outcry, now so common, is due largely to the want,
  81     Int,     III     |             want of originality. This is a virtue which Cicero never
  82     Int,     III     |            Cicero never claims. There is scarcely one of his works (
  83     Int,     III     |               but a few scanty traces is now lost. C. Amafinius,
  84     Int,     III     |            little real importance. It is exceedingly remarkable that
  85     Int,     III     |             Epicurus. The explanation is to be found in the fact
  86     Int,     III     |       interesting and important as it is in itself, and neglected
  87     Int,     III     |             most probable elucidation is, that he found it impossible
  88     Int,     III     |           even concede that the Greek is a richer tongue than the
  89     Int,     III     |               will not hear of it. It is only, he says, because the
  90     Int,     III     |              history of Roman oratory is referred to in support of
  91     Int,     III     |        service he could render123. He is within his right when he
  92     Int,     III     |        harangues, and politics126. It is strange to find Cicero making
  93     Int,     III     |               This design then, which is not explicitly stated in
  94     Int,     III     |               proclaims to be his own is his style. Looked at in
  95     Int,      IV     |       intention to write the treatise is found in a letter of Cicero
  96     Int,      IV     |          meaning of the last question is made clear by a passage
  97     Int,      IV     |            along with the De Finibus, is intended. Against this view
  98     Int,      IV     |         Krische are convincing149. It is clear from the letters to
  99     Int,      IV(150)|              XII. 12, §2, where there is a distinct mention of the
 100     Int,      IV     |          characters in the De Finibus is announced later still152;
 101     Int,      IV     |            the συνταγματα in question is that they are simply the
 102     Int,      IV     |                decides that this view is unsatisfactory, and prefers
 103     Int,      IV     |          question. If this conjecture is correct, we have in the
 104     Int,      IV     |               to the Hortensius which is to be found in the letters
 105     Int,      IV     |           fragments of the Hortensius is an error162. The discussion
 106     Int,      IV     |               in the Academica Priora is carried on at Hortensius'
 107     Int,      IV     |               Lucullus near Cumae. It is rather surprising that under
 108     Int,      IV     |             prooemium of the Lucullus is the one which was then affixed.
 109     Int,      IV     |         philosophical discussions. It is not uncharacteristic of
 110     Int,      IV     |             his promise. From this it is evident that Cicero knew
 111     Int,      IV     |            wishes it, but you know he is~δεινος ανηρ, ταχα κεν και
 112     Int,      IV     |               my part in the treatise is more liberally sustained
 113     Int,      IV     |              edition of the Academica is often given in the letters.
 114     Int,      IV     |              us desert to Brutus, who is also a follower of Antiochus.
 115     Int,      IV     |              bear the title Academica is clear202. The expressions
 116     Int,      IV     |               descriptive203; so also is the frequent appellation
 117     Int,      IV     |               found in many editions, is merely an imitation of the
 118     Int,      IV     |                but the second edition is the one which is most frequently
 119     Int,      IV     |              edition is the one which is most frequently quoted.
 120     Int,      IV     |           need not detain us long. It is clear from the Lucullus208
 121     Int,      IV     |                   The son, therefore, is merely the mouthpiece of
 122     Int,      IV     |             the case of both a reason is to be found in their ατριψια
 123     Int,      IV     |            masters of Latin style, it is very evident on a comparison
 124     Int,      IV     |         language by the orator214. He is one of the pillars of the
 125     Int,      IV     |            Cicero's consulship, which is alluded to in the Lucullus227.
 126     Int,      IV     |             to in the Lucullus227. It is well known that in the arrangement
 127     Int,      IV     |           offered by the Lucullus, it is necessary to speak of the
 128     Int,      IV     |               a second Laelius229. It is easy to gather from the
 129     Int,      IV     |             second and third books he is treated as the lettered
 130     Int,      IV     |             of the company230. Appeal is made to him when any question
 131     Int,      IV     |              to him when any question is started which touches on
 132     Int,      IV     |            Aristotle and Theophrastus is most to his mind235. An
 133     Int,      IV     |               his mind235. An account is given by him of the history
 134     Int,      IV     |         epigrams239.~Although so much is said of his general culture,
 135     Int,      IV     |               his general culture, it is only from the Academica
 136     Int,      IV     |         mentioned as a friend of his, is the poet Antipater of Sidon241.
 137     Int,      IV     |        Epicureans242. The probability is that he had never placed
 138     Int,      IV     |       Antonius243, and Crassus244. It is scarcely possible that any
 139     Int,      IV     |               the earlier sceptic. It is also exceedingly probable
 140     Int,      IV     |          opinions, but to what extent is uncertain256. I think it
 141     Int,      IV     |         reason in favour of this view is the difficulty of understanding
 142     Int,      IV     |              was unjustifiable. There is actual warrant for stating
 143     Int,      IV     |               of the preceding speech is correct, [liv] it follows
 144     Int,      IV     |               to Varro, part of which is preserved in the Academica
 145     Int,      IV     |           phenomena. To this a retort is made by Lucullus266. That
 146     Int,      IV     |         system, all of which Lucullus is obliged to translate for
 147     Int,      IV     |                   The more the matter is examined the more clearly
 148     Int,      IV(270)|               See II. §4, where there is a reference to the "hesternus
 149     Int,      IV     |          first half of the work. Cato is not closely enough connected
 150     Int,      IV(277)|                                  This is not, as Krische supposes,
 151     Int,      IV     |           from anachronisms. Diodotus is spoken of as still living,
 152     Int,      IV     |           surprise of Hortensius, who is but a learner in philosophy,
 153     Int,      IV     |               the wisdom of Lucullus, is very dramatic283. The many
 154     Int,      IV     |             Academica and De Finibus, is clearly to be seen285.~Hortensius
 155     Int,      IV     |               the conversation, which is resumed by Lucullus. His
 156     Int,      IV     |               by Lucullus. His speech is especially acknowledged
 157     Int,      IV     |         Antiochus286. Nearly all that is known of the learning of
 158     Int,      IV     |              the learning of Lucullus is told in Cicero's dialogue,
 159     Int,      IV     |             philosophic tastes288. He is several times mentioned
 160     Int,      IV     |            very outset of the work it is shown to be not far distant
 161     Int,      IV     |              any of Cicero's writings is in itself sufficient to
 162     Int,      IV     |               his vast learning which is by [lxii] no means natural
 163     Int,      IV     |       Posteriora will show that there is no reason for accusing Cicero
 164     Int,      IV     |             old editions the Lucullus is marked throughout as Academicorum
 165     Int,      IV     |           Academicorum liber IV. This is an entire mistake, which
 166     Int,      IV     |            the first. One other thing is worth remark. Halm (as many
 167     Int,      IV     |           subject-matter of the Varro is certainly prior, logically,
 168       I,       X     |                Zeno igitur nullo modo is erat, qui, ut Theophrastus,
 169      II,      IV     |             enim acer est adversarius is, qui ista, quae sunt heri
 170      II,     VII     |         columbae respondeam: non enim is sum, qui quidquid videtur
 171      II,     VII     |               falsis non possunt, aut is, qui fidibus utitur, explere
 172      II,     VII     |              arte effici possit, nisi is, qui artem tractabit, multa
 173      II,      XI     |           nulla regula est nec potest is, cui est visio veri falsique
 174      II,     XII     |            visum aut adsensum tollit, is omnem actionem tollit e
 175      II,      XX     |        turpissimum est. Nec tamen ego is sum, qui nihil umquam falsi
 176      II,    XXII     |            eodem modo possit a falso, is curavit ut quod argumentum
 177      II,   XXIII     |               classis videntur. Atque is non hoc dicit, quod nos,
 178      II,   XXIII     |              sic enim appellat [eos]. Is, qui hunc maxime est admiratus,
 179      II,   XXIII     |               sonum fundere. Num ergo is excaecat nos aut orbat sensibus,
 180      II,  XXVIII     |           certa putat quae videt quam is putabat quae videbantur?
 181      II,    XXIX     |      sustinebo, eoque magis, si locus is, quo ferentur equi, praeceps
 182      II,     XXX     |      necessarium: vide quam sit catus is, quem isti tardum putant.
 183      II,    XXXI     |            vitae gubernabitur. Etenim is quoque, qui a vobis sapiens
 184      II,  XXXIII     |          mathematicus fuisse dicitur, is postea quam Epicuro adsentiens
 185      II,  XXXIII     |               adsensu sustineat: quod is potest facere vel de iis
 186      II,  XXXVII     |            sodali suo, non persuasit: is enim infinitatem naturae
 187      II,     XLI     |          magnitudinem solis approbat, is eas res non percipit. Magnitudo
 188      II,    XLII     |                A Menedemo autem, quod is Eretria fuit, Eretriaci
 189     Not,       1     |               of the De Lingua Latina is too long delayed, turns
 190     Not,       1     |           philosophy written in Latin is useless. Latins may surely
 191     Not,       1     |        statement that the New Academy is in harmony with the Old.
 192     Not,       1     |                the spelling nunciatum is a mistake, cf. Corssen,
 193     Not,       1     |               Ab eius villa: the prep is absent from the MSS., but
 194     Not,       1     |               1861, p. 854). The text is sound; the repetition of
 195     Not,       1     |              of pronouns (illum, eum) is quite Ciceronian. The emphatic
 196     Not,       1     |         Ciceronian. The emphatic ille is often repeated by the unemphatic
 197     Not,       1     |            repeated by the unemphatic is, cf. T.D. III. 71, and M.
 198     Not,       1     |            from longo by the word eum is quite in Cicero's style (
 199     Not,       1     |         needlessly, for its insertion is like Cic. Ecquid forte Roma
 200     Not,       1     |          Ecquid forte Roma novi: Roma is the ablative, and some verb
 201     Not,       1     |             some verb like attulisset is omitted. (So Turnebus.)
 202     Not,       1     |                 understanding faciat, is clearly wrong. Percontari:
 203     Not,       1     |              use iste of a person who is present. Goer. qu. Brut.
 204     Not,       1     |               combination of pronouns is vainly defended by Goer.;
 205     Not,       1     |      monimentis (Halm) or monementis, is probably the right spelling;
 206     Not,       1     |          however, from res to artibus is such as Cic. loves. Ceteris:
 207     Not,       1     |             spelling caeteris (Klotz) is absolutely wrong, cf. Corss.
 208     Not,       1     |             38), and moreover nothing is more Ciceronian than the
 209     Not,       1     |        altered forms. The reason here is partly the intense desire
 210     Not,       1     |            didicisti enim. My reading is that of Dav. followed by
 211     Not,       1     |               to secure. Interrogatio is merely the conclusio or
 212     Not,       1     |             rhetorum. Rhetor, however is not thus used in Cic.'s
 213     Not,       1     |           have quanquam which however is impossible in such a place
 214     Not,       1     |             after accipient. The text is quite right, ne quidem,
 215     Not,       1     |             MSS. om. the noun, but it is added by a later hand in
 216     Not,       1     |           D.F. I. 18, the same charge is brought by Aristotle against
 217     Not,       1     |          ποιητικος). But the genitive is merely one of definition,
 218     Not,       1     |                and the usage probably is not Latin. Adducere?: The
 219     Not,       1     |             The note of interrogation is Halm's; thus the whole sentence,
 220     Not,       1     |         system of physics. If quoniam is read and no break made at
 221     Not,       1     |           ground the reading of Madv. is insupportable. Quid, haec
 222     Not,       1     |            that nec for ne ... quidem is post Augustan Latin. Christ
 223     Not,       1     |              nec suspicari; that this is wrong is clear from the
 224     Not,       1     |         suspicari; that this is wrong is clear from the fact that
 225     Not,       1     |              same opinion of Epicurus is dealt with, we have either
 226     Not,       1     |                Further, ne ... quidem is esp frequent with suspicari (
 227     Not,       1     |            following sive enim above, is a departure from Cic.'s
 228     Not,       1     |      departure from Cic.'s rule which is to write sive—sive or si—
 229     Not,       1     |             of broken sequence. There is no need therefore to read
 230     Not,       1     |               words interposed, which is characteristic of Cic.,
 231     Not,       1     |          making illa plural. If erunt is read, erit must be supplied
 232     Not,       1     |               with disserendum, which is harsh. Quam argute, quam
 233     Not,       1     |              MSS. have quantam, which is scarcely Latin, since in
 234     Not,       1     |          supposed a gloss. But Cicero is nothing if not tautological;
 235     Not,       1     |               if not tautological; he is fond of placing slight variations
 236     Not,       1     |         objecting to the sound (which is indeed not like Cic.), would
 237     Not,       1     |          involved in fontibus—rivulos is often applied by Cic. to
 238     Not,       1     |              Laelii. The person meant is L. Aelius Stilo or Praeconinus,
 239     Not,       1     |          after Faber ejects quae, and is followed by Baiter. Varro
 240     Not,       1     |             followed by Baiter. Varro is thus made to say that he
 241     Not,       1     |               has philosophiam, which is demonstrably wrong, physica,
 242     Not,       1     |          phrase philosophiam scribere is now altered in the best
 243     Not,       1     |             scribere; his explanation is, as Orelli gently says, "
 244     Not,       1     |           adverb does not appear, nor is φιλοσοφος used as an adjective
 245     Not,       1     |             that the word φιλοσοφικος is not Greek, nor do philosophicus,
 246     Not,       1     |            Some edd. have sint, which is unlikely to be right. Nos
 247     Not,       1     |      reduxerunt for deduxerunt, which is taken by Baiter and by Halm;
 248     Not,       1     |             lists of dates, so χρονοι is technically used for dates,
 249     Not,       1     |             the clauses. Cic. however is quite as fond of variety
 250     Not,       1     |                The argument for sedem is the awkwardness of making
 251     Not,       1     |         genera, officia, causas. Cic. is fond of using sedes, locus,
 252     Not,       1     |             with his one MS. G, which is the work of a clever emendator,
 253     Not,       1     |             to suit malent above, and is followed by Baiter. It is
 254     Not,       1     |             is followed by Baiter. It is not necessary to force on
 255     Not,       1     |               non satis probas, which is too far from the MSS. to
 256     Not,       1     |             me. The text as it stands is not intolerable, though
 257     Not,       1     |           though da mihi for dic mihi is certainly poetic. Da te
 258     Not,       1     |                Manut., Goer., Orelli) is far too strong for the passage,
 259     Not,       1     |               the old spelling Accius is wrong. Si qui ... imitati:
 260     Not,       1     |            used of individual memory, is noteworthy. Percussus volnere:
 261     Not,       1     |            Goer. finds so mysterious, is the death of Tullia, cf.
 262     Not,       1     |                for Greece with Cicero is the supreme arbiter of performance
 263     Not,       1     |     performance in philosophy, if she is satisfied the philosophic
 264     Not,       1     |       satisfied the philosophic world is tranquil. Cf. Ad Att. I.
 265     Not,       1     |            Academy. The reading illam is from Madv. (Em. 115), and
 266     Not,       1     |             from Madv. (Em. 115), and is supported by illam veterem (
 267     Not,       1     |               Tac. does, unless there is some conditional or potential
 268     Not,       1     |               M.D.F. III. 70. Nothing is commoner in the MSS. than
 269     Not,       1     |             19, 22. Madvig's Philonia is improbable from its non-appearance
 270     Not,       1     |        companion adjective Antiochius is frequent. Halm inserts sententiam,
 271     Not,       1     |       together, supplying auditor, as is done by some unknown commentators
 272     Not,       1     |              exist in Goerenz's note, is wild, and cannot be justified
 273     Not,       1     |          Renovari: the vulg. revocari is a curious instance of oversight.
 274     Not,       1     |          position of this word, which is often caused by its affinity
 275     Not,       1     |               essent before dicta. It is more probable therefore
 276     Not,       1     |             omission of inquit, which is strange to Goer., is well
 277     Not,       1     |            which is strange to Goer., is well illustrated in M.D.F.
 278     Not,       1     |     illustrated in M.D.F. I. 9. There is an odd ellipse of laudasti
 279     Not,       1     |            the degree to which natura is personified, if 28 be compared
 280     Not,       1     |               VIII. 4). The same view is supposed to be found in
 281     Not,       1     |               vivendum valere: valere is absent from MSS., and is
 282     Not,       1     |              is absent from MSS., and is inserted by Halm, its use
 283     Not,       1     |         probable than conferre, which is in ed. Rom. (1471). Gronovius
 284     Not,       1     |            nihil ad elsewhere in Cic. is in De Leg. I. 6.~§16. Hic ...
 285     Not,       1     |              and adjectives, et often is left out, as in the passages
 286     Not,       1     |              III. 6. Varie et copiose is also in De Or. II. 240.
 287     Not,       1     |               praestare ceteris" this is evidently from Plato Apol.
 288     Not,       1     |           Schutz, reads iudicatum, it is remarkable that in four
 289     Not,       1     |            Tamen: for MSS. tam or tum is due to Gruter, Halm has
 290     Not,       1     |     cohortandis: this broad assertion is distinctly untrue; see Zeller'
 291     Not,       1     |              Una et consentiens: this is an opinion of Antiochus
 292     Not,       1     |             IV. 2), sometimes Crantor is added. The harmony was supposed
 293     Not,       1     |         schools. In D.F. V. 21, which is taken direct from Antiochus,
 294     Not,       1     |              heredem, secundos autem" is as acute as it is absurd.
 295     Not,       1     |              autem" is as acute as it is absurd. Duos: it is difficult
 296     Not,       1     |             as it is absurd. Duos: it is difficult to decide whether
 297     Not,       1     |            decide whether this or duo is right in Cic., he can scarcely
 298     Not,       1     |              Cic. probably wrote. Duo is in old Latin poets and Virgil.
 299     Not,       1     |             21). The ethical standard is then succinctly stated,
 300     Not,       1     |            virtue has chief part, and is capable in itself of producing
 301     Not,       1     |             this ethical standard, it is possible to give an intelligent
 302     Not,       1     |              Peripatetics, to whom it is assigned by Sext. Emp. Adv.
 303     Not,       1     |          moribus for ηθικη, etc. This is very characteristic of Cic.,
 304     Not,       1     |           this in Plato and Aristotle is difficult to see; that he
 305     Not,       1     |              that he did so, however, is indubitable; see D.F. V.
 306     Not,       1     |            The root of Plato's system is the ιδεα of the Good, while
 307     Not,       1     |             of the Good, while so far is Aristotle from founding
 308     Not,       1     |          nature in relation to ethics is first strongly apparent
 309     Not,       1     |              et corpore et vita: this is the τριας or τριλογια των
 310     Not,       1     |               43), the third division is a development from the βιος
 311     Not,       1     |          τριας in this distinct shape is foreign both to Plato and
 312     Not,       1     |        partibus: the same distinction is in Stob. Eth. II. 6, 7;
 313     Not,       1     |           inscr., exc. pulchre, which is found once (Corp. Inscr.
 314     Not,       1     |           1019). Sepulchrum, however, is frequent at an early time.
 315     Not,       1     |              inaccuracy of expression is found in II. 42. The division
 316     Not,       1     |               in II. 42. The division is practically Aristotle's,
 317     Not,       1     |          which reason bears to virtue is set forth in Nic. Eth. VI.
 318     Not,       1     |          sentence in which it stands, is intensely Stoic. For the
 319     Not,       1     |               I. 25. More Stoic still is the definition of virtue
 320     Not,       1     |               the supremacy of virtue is also asserted by Varro in
 321     Not,       1     |             most MSS. have iam, which is out of place here. Animi
 322     Not,       1     |             τελος of the Peripatetics is stated to be το κατ' αρετην
 323     Not,       1     |                   societate: all this is strongly Stoic, though also
 324     Not,       1     |          cetera. The same distinction is drawn in Aug. VIII. 8. Tuendum:
 325     Not,       1     |    appellarentur: MSS. dum, the subj. is strange, and was felt to
 326     Not,       1     |          alone, for τα πρωτα τη φυσει is one of Goerenz's numerous
 327     Not,       1     |               forgeries. The ablative is always conditioned by some
 328     Not,       1     |       Peripatetic τριλογια. That this is historically absurd Madvig
 329     Not,       1     |              Madv. complains (p. 821) is traceable to Antiochus,
 330     Not,       1     |         expetenda: Gk. ‛αιρετα, which is applied to all things contained
 331     Not,       1     |               II. 6, 7. This sentence is covertly aimed at the New
 332     Not,       1     |             susceptio however, above, is quite enough for both clauses;
 333     Not,       1     |          clauses; a similar use of it is found in D.F. III. 32. Descriptione
 334     Not,       1     |           gives praescriptione, which is in II. 140, cf. also praescriberet
 335     Not,       1     |       praescriberet above. The phrase is Antiochean; cf. prima constitutio
 336     Not,       1     |            Physics. Summary. All that is consists of force and matter,
 337     Not,       1     |        Underlying all formed entities is the formless matter, matter
 338     Not,       1     |             24. Natura: this word, it is important to observe, has
 339     Not,       1     |              φυσις and ουσια. Here it is ουσια in the broadest sense,
 340     Not,       1     |             agencies in the universe, is of course Aristotelian and
 341     Not,       1     |               of Aristotle's doctrine is to be got from Schwegler,
 342     Not,       1     |               MSS. eaque. The meaning is this; passive matter when
 343     Not,       1     |               it. Passive matter ‛υλη is only potentially τοδε τι,
 344     Not,       1     |            description of the process is given in Timaeus, 50 D.
 345     Not,       1     |                materiam quandam: Cic. is hampered by the patrii sermonis
 346     Not,       1     |          periphrases. Id quod efficit is not distinct from, but equivalent
 347     Not,       1     |         materia. Materiam quandam: it is extraordinary how edd. (
 348     Not,       1     |             materia) fit, the meaning is clearly given by the next
 349     Not,       1     |         formed entity, which doctrine is quite Aristotelian. See
 350     Not,       1     |          cogatur: the meaning of this is clear, that nothing can
 351     Not,       1     |         except in space (alicubi), it is more difficult to see why
 352     Not,       1     |            philosophy. A fair summary is given by Stob. Phys. περι
 353     Not,       1     |          qualitatem: note that corpus is formed, as contrasted with
 354     Not,       1     |             unformed matter. Qualitas is here wrongly used for quale;
 355     Not,       1     |              and ποιον, the confusion is aided by the ambiguity of
 356     Not,       1     |                ethicam, which however is not Latin. The words have
 357     Not,       1     |              naturalised. D.F. III. 5 is very similar. Cic.'s words
 358     Not,       1     |               Theaet. 182 A, where it is called αλλοκοτον ονομα.
 359     Not,       1     |        transferre = μεταφερειν, which is technically used as early
 360     Not,       1     |             153 sq., where necessitas is assigned as one cause of
 361     Not,       1     |          Saecula: the spelling secula is wrong; Corss. I. 325, 377.
 362     Not,       1     |          sequi. Quanto id magis: Cic. is exceedingly fond of separating
 363     Not,       1     |           trans. of πολυειδεις, which is opposed to ‛απλους in Plat.
 364     Not,       1     |               primae (sc. qualitates) is the needless em. of Walker,
 365     Not,       1     |                genera, ειδη. The word is applied to the four elements
 366     Not,       1     |               be there seen that Cic. is wrong in making initia and
 367     Not,       1     |             Force. Aër et ignis: this is Stoic but not Aristotelian.
 368     Not,       1     |              elements; each therefore is to him both active and passive.
 369     Not,       1     |         referred to in Introd. p. 16, is postponed to 39. Dissimile ...
 370     Not,       1     |               our word subject-matter is descended. Sine ulla specie:
 371     Not,       1     |          Arist. Omnibus without rebus is rare. The ambiguity is sometimes
 372     Not,       1     |          rebus is rare. The ambiguity is sometimes avoided by the
 373     Not,       1     |               MSS. effecta. So Matter is called an εκμαγειον in Plat.
 374     Not,       1     |               Halm suspect them. Tota is feminine sing.; cf. materiam
 375     Not,       1     |          πανδεχες). The word πανδεχες is also quoted from Okellus
 376     Not,       1     |             in Stob. I. 20, 3. Binder is certainly wrong in taking
 377     Not,       1     |             Platonic or Aristotelian, is imperishable (cf. Tim. 52
 378     Not,       1     |  προσδεχομενον). Non in nihilum: this is aimed at the Atomists, who
 379     Not,       1     |               opinion on this subject is important, but does not
 380     Not,       1     |        opinions from Tim. 35 A sq. It is notable that Xenocrates,
 381     Not,       1     |              Intervallis moveri: this is the theory of motion without
 382     Not,       1     |         intervalla ... possint: there is no ultimate space atom,
 383     Not,       1     |             space atom, just as there is no matter atom. As regards
 384     Not,       1     |              28. Ultro citroque: this is the common reading, but
 385     Not,       1     |               reading, and that ultro is a dittographia from utro.
 386     Not,       1     |             utroque fit. If the vulg. is kept, translate "since force
 387     Not,       1     |             force has this motion and is ever thus on the move."
 388     Not,       1     |             the move." Ultro citroque is an odd expression to apply
 389     Not,       1     |            with a quasi. Indeed if it is kept I suggest quasi for
 390     Not,       1     |              sic. The use of versetur is also strange. E quibus in
 391     Not,       1     |           Halm included) eject in. It is perfectly sound if natura
 392     Not,       1     |      existence substance. The meaning is "out of which qualia, themselves
 393     Not,       1     |               commutari above), which is coherent and continuous,
 394     Not,       1     |           senses. The same expression is in N.D. II. 75. It should
 395     Not,       1     |            ratio perfecta insit: this is thorough going Stoicism.
 396     Not,       1     |           while believing that Reason is the Universe, they sometimes
 397     Not,       1     |              out of himself, since he is beyond the reach of harm (
 398     Not,       1     |            Nihil enim valentius: this is an argument often urged,
 399     Not,       1     |                Quam vim animum: there is no need to read animam,
 400     Not,       1     |             The whole of this section is undilutedly Stoic, one can
 401     Not,       1     |             passage the Stoic opinion is severely criticised. Deum:
 402     Not,       1     |            quandam: the Greek προνοια is translated both by prudentia
 403     Not,       1     |             ad homines: the World God is perfectly beneficent, see
 404     Not,       1     |              23, II. 160 (where there is a quaint jest on the subject),
 405     Not,       1     |          Necessitatem: αναγκην, which is ειρμος αιτιων, causarum
 406     Not,       1     |               Zeller as before). This is merely the World God apprehended
 407     Not,       1     |             cause. When the World God is called Fortune, all that
 408     Not,       1     |              called Fortune, all that is expressed is human inability
 409     Not,       1     |        Fortune, all that is expressed is human inability to see this
 410     Not,       1     |              sequence. Τυχη therefore is defined as αιτια αδηλος
 411     Not,       1     |             where the same definition is ascribed to Anaxagoras—see
 412     Not,       1     |             doctrine of αναγκη, which is diametrically opposed to
 413     Not,       1     |        opposed to that of the Stoics, is to be found in Timaeus p.
 414     Not,       1     |       Quamquam oriretur: the sentence is inexact, it is knowledge
 415     Not,       1     |               sentence is inexact, it is knowledge which takes its
 416     Not,       1     |             criterion of truth, which is the mind itself; cf. however
 417     Not,       1     |              and after, so that there is no possibility of avoiding
 418     Not,       1     |               Illi ιδεαν, etc.: there is more than one difficulty
 419     Not,       1     |           asserting that though sense is naturally dull, reason may
 420     Not,       1     |          which Halm seems to approve, is a wanton corruption of the
 421     Not,       1     |            Heraclitus' theory of flux is carried to such an extent
 422     Not,       1     |             things; even the word εμε is stated to be an absurdity,
 423     Not,       1     |          subject, whereas the subject is changing from moment to
 424     Not,       1     |            which the rest have. Notio is Cicero's regular translation
 425     Not,       1     |         translation for εννοια, which is Stoic. This statement might
 426     Not,       1     |              notio. Επιστημη in Plato is of the ιδεαι only, while
 427     Not,       1     |           only, while in Aristotle it is τον καθολου; cf. Anal. Post.
 428     Not,       1     |             Verborum explicatio: this is quite a different thing
 429     Not,       1     |          nominum just referred to; it is derivation, which does not
 430     Not,       1     |         definition. ετυμολογιαν: this is almost entirely Stoic. The
 431     Not,       1     |              entirely Stoic. The word is foreign to the Classic Greek
 432     Not,       1     |               De Mundo, which however is not Aristotle's). The word
 433     Not,       1     |               s). The word ετυμολογια is itself not frequent in the
 434     Not,       1     |            subject preserved by Diog. is generally "περι των ετυμολογικων"
 435     Not,       1     |             thing denoted by the word is well illustrated in Topica
 436     Not,       1     |             ducibus, the word notatio is used for the whole science
 437     Not,       1     |               nominum in N.D. III. 62 is quite different). One more
 438     Not,       1     |                strong as the metaphor is, requires no qualification,
 439     Not,       1     |              qua (in ea parte in qua) is violent, while Goerenz's
 440     Not,       1     |               partem rerum opinabilem is simply silly. Manut. conj.
 441     Not,       1     |              not been Latinised, Cic. is obliged to use this word
 442     Not,       1     |           λογικη, of which διαλεκτικη is really one subdivision with
 443     Not,       1     |            Antiochus, ‛ρητορικη which is mentioned in the next sentence
 444     Not,       1     |             dicendi. The construction is simply a variation of Cic.'
 445     Not,       1     |              persuadendum: το πιθανον is with Arist. and all ancient
 446     Not,       1     |                His power of supplying is unlimited. There is a curious
 447     Not,       1     |         supplying is unlimited. There is a curious similarity between
 448     Not,       1     |           would not be Latin. The em. is rendered almost certain
 449     Not,       1     |               replies that the eulogy is meant for Antiochus, whom
 450     Not,       1     |             for Antiochus, whom Varro is copying. Aristoteles: after
 451     Not,       1     |          resumption of his exposition is certainly abrupt, but if
 452     Not,       1     |                 T.D. V. 25, 85. There is no reason to suppose that
 453     Not,       1     |        Antiochus in 22 the difference is merely verbal. Beate vivere:
 454     Not,       1     |             The statement in the text is not quite true for Diog.
 455     Not,       1     |             Crates and Crantor little is known. Polemonem ... Zeno
 456     Not,       1     |            Diog. VII. 2, 3), while he is not mentioned by Diog. at
 457     Not,       1     |       teachers of Arcesilas. The fact is that we have a mere theory,
 458     Not,       1     |              I cannot believe that he is right). Plato uses νευρα
 459     Not,       1     |          inciderit but poneret. There is no need to alter (as Manut.,
 460     Not,       1     |                Dav.) for the sequence is not uncommon in Cic., e.g.
 461     Not,       1     |            with Halm). The word media is the Gk. μεσα, which word
 462     Not,       1     |              μεσα, which word however is not usually applied to things,
 463     Not,       1     |             Ritter and Preller. There is no royal road to the knowledge,
 464     Not,       1     |             D.F. III. 50), that there is no reason for suspecting
 465     Not,       1     |          ληπτα. This view of Madvig's is strongly opposed to the
 466     Not,       1     |           theory of the αδιαφορα, nor is there anywhere in the numerous
 467     Not,       1     |            same error. My explanation is that Cic. began with the
 468     Not,       1     |              present.) Cic. therefore is chargeable not with ignorance
 469     Not,       1     |            the opposite of beata vita is abruptly introduced. So
 470     Not,       1     |        debemus" (D.F. III. 52). There is quite as good ground for
 471     Not,       1     |  misunderstanding the Stoics as there is for accusing Cicero. There
 472     Not,       1     |           correspond in Cic., the que is always an afterthought,
 473     Not,       1     |            participles, this oblivion is barely possible, but when
 474     Not,       1     |              with separate clauses it is possible. Cf. 43 and M.D.F.
 475     Not,       1     |           Arist. In this sense virtue is not a ‛εξις, according to
 476     Not,       1     |            particular emotions. There is exactly the same transition
 477     Not,       1     |              V. 43, while perturbatio is used, in the same sense
 478     Not,       1     |              or laetitia for instance is αλογος επαρσις. (T.D. Books
 479     Not,       1     |               recondite fashion. Cic. is certainly wrong in stating
 480     Not,       1     |             the essential fact, which is clear from Stob. I. 41,
 481     Not,       1     |            the mind from αιθηρ, which is the very name that Aristotle
 482     Not,       1     |               from the Phaedrus 245 C is translated twice, in Somnium
 483     Not,       1     |            thing with Aristotle which is αεικινητος in eternal perfect
 484     Not,       1     |              ancients circular motion is alone perfect and eternal),
 485     Not,       1     |           alone perfect and eternal), is the αιθηρ or πεμπτον σωμα,
 486     Not,       1     |               190. Ipsam naturam: πυρ is κατ' εξοχην στοιχειον (Stob.
 487     Not,       1     |      στοιχειον (Stob. I. 10, 16), and is the first thing generated
 488     Not,       1     |               VII. 136, 137) The fire is λογικον, from it comes the ‛
 489     Not,       1     |               R. and P. 43), the same is affirmed loosely of all
 490     Not,       1     |          Posse esse non corpus: there is no ultimate difference between
 491     Not,       1     |            mean aptos (R. and P. 366) is untenable. I entirely agree
 492     Not,       1     |           Stoic theories of sensation is given by Zeller, ch. V.,
 493     Not,       1     |        passage). The actual sensation is involuntary (ακουσιον Sext.
 494     Not,       1     |             assent (see II. 38). This is, however, only true of the
 495     Not,       1     |         Goerenz's note on these words is worth reading as a philological
 496     Not,       1     |           thing which emits the visum is said to be καταληπτον, but,
 497     Not,       1     |          Scientiam: the word επιστημη is used in two ways by the
 498     Not,       1     |          single perception, which use is copied by Cic. and may be
 499     Not,       1     |              ratione non posset: here is a trace of later Stoicism.
 500     Not,       1     |               the Stoic texts; αμαθια is very seldom talked of there.