bold = Main text
    Liber, Caput     grey = Comment text

  1     Ded         |               THOSE OF HIS PUPILS~WHO HAVE READ WITH HIM~THE ACADEMICA,~
  2     Pre         |               and Cambridge. My notes have been written throughout
  3     Pre         |            last three or four years I have read the Academica with
  4     Pre         |               death of that editor. I have never however allowed one
  5     Pre         |           evidence he presents; and I have also studied all original
  6     Pre         |              In a very few passages I have introduced emendations of
  7     Pre         |           criticism, I may say that I have done so from a conviction
  8     Pre         |               rest on memory alone. I have therefore done my best to
  9     Pre         |              this edition is intended have a far smaller acquaintance
 10     Pre         |       acquaintance than they ought to have with the peculiarities and
 11     Pre         |              Latin writers display. I have striven to guide them to
 12     Pre         |              not, Ciceronian Latin. I have therefore added very many
 13     Pre         |        Wherever a quotation would not have been given but for its appearance
 14     Pre         |      appearance in some other work, I have pointed out the authority
 15     Pre         |         subject for the first time. I have therefore tried to enable
 16     Pre         |         information they require, and have only dwelt in my own language
 17     Pre         |             the Universities ought to have constantly at hand Diogenes
 18     Pre         |               Empiricus, all of which have been published in cheap
 19     Pre         |             quite the purpose which I have kept in view and have explained
 20     Pre         |               I have kept in view and have explained above. Should
 21     Pre         |               edited I cannot hope to have escaped errors, but after
 22     Pre         |               with that of Germany,~I have only to add that I shall
 23     Int,       I|           virilis. The pupil seems to have been converted at once to
 24     Int,       I|          study, but he seems never to have been much attracted by the
 25     Int,       I| inconsiderable property.7 He seems to have been one of the most accomplished [
 26     Int,       I|              to conclude that he must have become thoroughly acquainted
 27     Int,       I|              Cicero must at this time have attained an almost complete
 28     Int,       I|              doctrines.~There seem to have been no eminent representatives
 29     Int,       I|           whose lectures Cicero might have attended, though M. Pupius
 30     Int,       I|             teacher, however, I shall have to treat later, when I shall
 31     Int,       I|               pupil of Panaetius, may have been at Rhodes at this time.
 32     Int,       I|           former, he does not seem to have known either personally. ~
 33     Int,       I|           period then, about which we have little or no information,
 34     Int,       I|         entreating Atticus to let him have a library which was then
 35     Int,       I|              lack of leisure seems to have caused an almost unquenchable
 36     Int,       I|              lived48. Cicero seems to have been somewhat disappointed
 37     Int,       I|       Mitylene, where Cicero seems to have passed some time in his
 38     Int,       I|             elsewhere, was written.~I have now finished the first portion
 39     Int,       I|           first portion of my task; I have shown Cicero as the man
 40     Int,       I|        Academica. Even the evidence I have produced, which does not
 41     Int,       I|            edition allow it, I should have little difficulty in showing
 42     Int,       I|             Academica is concerned, I have had in my notes an opportunity
 43     Int,       I|         progress of this work I shall have to expose the groundlessness
 44     Int,       I|           judgments now current which have contributed to produce a
 45     Int,       I|              unfairness which I shall have no better opportunity of
 46     Int,       I|              politician. Scholars who have learned to despise his political
 47     Int,      II|         uttering opinions which would have been recognised as genuine
 48     Int,      II|        attempt the thorough inquiry I have indicated as desirable,
 49     Int,      II|             an ethical standard71. We have in the Academica Cicero'
 50     Int,      II|  self-controlled character76. Here we have a touch of feeling thoroughly
 51     Int,      II|              sense of the world could have most sympathy92. The Academy
 52     Int,      II|           heart that Carneades should have found it necessary to oppose
 53     Int,     III|          largely to the want, which I have already noticed, of any
 54     Int,     III|              wrote, originality would have been looked upon as a fault
 55     Int,     III|               language may be said to have been destitute of a philosophical
 56     Int,     III|         popular taste. There seems to have been a very large Epicurean
 57     Int,     III|          write, and his books seem to have had an enormous circulation114.
 58     Int,     III|          passage seems to allow, must have been of little real importance.
 59     Int,     III|            his design, which seems to have been at first indefinite,
 60     Int,     III|           precedent, Cicero claims to have his oratorical and political
 61     Int,      IV|               συνταγματα, words which have given rise to much controversy148.
 62     Int,      IV|           scholars, including Madvig, have understood that the first
 63     Int,      IV|             conjecture is correct, we have in the disputed passage
 64     Int,      IV|             before the De Finibus, to have become known to a tolerably
 65     Int,      IV|        conjecture, except the doubt I have expressed as to the use
 66     Int,      IV|     Hortensius and the Academica must have been more closely connected,
 67     Int,      IV|              Academica to Rome165. We have a mention that new prooemia
 68     Int,      IV|               Arpinum168. He seems to have been still unsatisfied with
 69     Int,      IV|           their acquaintance seems to have been chiefly maintained
 70     Int,      IV|                shows that there could have been little of anything
 71     Int,      IV|            that they could never even have dreamed of the doctrines
 72     Int,      IV|               he would probably again have changed his plans. Nearly
 73     Int,      IV|                 Atticus would seem to have repeatedly communicated
 74     Int,      IV|       communicated with Varro, and to have assured Cicero that there
 75     Int,      IV|        strange that Cicero should not have entered into correspondence
 76     Int,      IV|           himself. Etiquette seems to have required that the recipient
 77     Int,      IV|           love deceives me, the books have been so finished that the
 78     Int,      IV|            that the Greeks themselves have nothing in the same department
 79     Int,      IV|             may possess189." Also: "I have finished the book with I
 80     Int,      IV|              he gets the letter, "you have taken the fatal step; oh
 81     Int,      IV|           Again, a little later: "You have been bold enough, then,
 82     Int,      IV|               other people, wishes to have the "Splendidiora, breviora, [
 83     Int,      IV|          Arpinum.~Quintilian seems to have known the first edition
 84     Int,      IV|               the first edition207.~I have thought it advisable to
 85     Int,      IV|               father and son we shall have little to do. I merely inquire
 86     Int,      IV|              Cicero would, doubtless, have preferred to introduce the
 87     Int,      IV|             Oratore, the author would have been [xlv] compelled to
 88     Int,      IV|      Antiochus, which he professes to have heard210. For the arrangement
 89     Int,      IV|              or else Cicero could not have made Catulus the younger
 90     Int,      IV|             been so unfortunate as to have two bad consuls in the same
 91     Int,      IV|            Cinna held the office, may have been intended to point a
 92     Int,      IV|            two Catuli225.~[xlvii] ~We have seen that when Cicero found
 93     Int,      IV|               in such matters, we can have no difficulty in conjecturing
 94     Int,      IV|              Sidon241. Still it might have been concluded that he was
 95     Int,      IV|              shows that Catulus could have had no leaning towards the
 96     Int,      IV|           Academics, Cicero would not have failed to tell us, as he
 97     Int,      IV|         between Philo and Catulus can have taken place, although one
 98     Int,      IV|            portion of the speech must have been directed against the
 99     Int,      IV|             the speech, however, must have consisted of a defence of
100     Int,      IV|             aimed at Cicero, who must have represented it in the discourse
101     Int,      IV|            himself. These conjectures have the advantage of establishing
102     Int,      IV|         substance of the speech could have been assigned in the first
103     Int,      IV|           already made. On the view I have taken, there would be little
104     Int,      IV|              a historical résumé as I have supposed Hortensius to give
105     Int,      IV|             To any such conversion we have nowhere else any allusion.~
106     Int,      IV|             mention here. He seems to have been as nearly innocent
107     Int,      IV|           historical summary. He must have dealt with the theory of
108     Int,      IV|              Yet these arguments must have occupied some considerable
109     Int,      IV|            was allowed by Lucullus to have considerably damaged the
110     Int,      IV|                Consequently Cato must have taken the comparatively
111     Int,      IV|             much that philosopher may have borrowed from Zeno. The
112     Int,      IV|           Antiochean as Brutus cannot have been reduced to the comparatively
113     Int,      IV|         letters. He seems at least to have dallied with culture, although
114     Int,      IV|             Greek artists. Yet, as we have already seen, Cicero acknowledged
115     Int,      IV|          speech of Lucullus was, as I have said, mainly a reply to
116     Int,      IV|            other persons with whom we have had to deal. He was nephew
117     Int,      IV|          Cicero and Atticus could not have met together at Cumae. Cicero
118     Int,      IV|            here. The first mention we have of Varro in any of Cicero'
119     Int,      IV|               the year 54 B.C., as we have already seen, Atticus in
120     Int,      IV|           Cicero and Varro do seem to have been drawn a little closer
121     Int,      IV|             as in ed. 1. Atticus must have been almost a κωφον προσωπον.~
122     Not,       1|             subjects which the Greeks have not treated (7, 8). Cic.
123     Not,       1|               De Or. II. 13. The MSS. have et si quid, bad Latin altered
124     Not,       1|             Cat. Mai. 38. Idque: MSS. have in the place of this quod
125     Not,       1|              Ad hunc enim ipsum: MSS. have eum for enim (exc. Halm'
126     Not,       1|             all MSS. except Halm's G. have eum for enim. Christ conj.
127     Not,       1|             Vides ... didicisti: MSS. have vides autem eadem ipse didicisti
128     Not,       1|            vast majority of instances have written i, see Corss. I.
129     Not,       1|             Verbis quoque novis: MSS. have quanquam which however is
130     Not,       1|     insupportable. Quid, haec ipsa: I have added quid to fill up the
131     Not,       1|             who supposes much more to have fallen out. [The technical
132     Not,       1|            some thing like sentire to have fallen out before nec suspicari;
133     Not,       1|            Epicurus is dealt with, we have either ne suspicari quidem
134     Not,       1|             Quantum possum: some MSS. have quantam, which is scarcely
135     Not,       1|            est ... jubeo: these words have been naturally supposed
136     Not,       1|         Menippean Satires remain, and have often been edited—most recently
137     Not,       1|               e.g. Lael. 6. Some edd. have sint, which is unlikely
138     Not,       1|             In Lael. 12, Brut. 86, we have reducere, where Durand's
139     Not,       1|         reading publicam shows him to have been quoting from memory.
140     Not,       1|             unnecessary for Romans to have recourse to Greece for philosophy.
141     Not,       1|               20. Veterem illam: MSS. have iam for illam. The position
142     Not,       1|              Hist. I. 37. Negat: MSS. have negaret, but Cic. never
143     Not,       1|              Contra ea Philonis: MSS. have contra Philonis merely,
144     Not,       1|           does the ed. Rom. (1471). I have added ea. Orelli quotes
145     Not,       1|               qua absum iam diu: MSS. have strangely aqua absumtam
146     Not,       1|         videtur. Adsidamus: some MSS. have adsideamus, which would
147     Not,       1|           author. Secondly, most MSS. have sint or essent before dicta.
148     Not,       1|               harmony was supposed to have been first broken by Polemo'
149     Not,       1|              in Cic., he can scarcely have been so inconsistent as
150     Not,       1|          inscr. in the Corpus vol. I. have duo, but only in duoviros,
151     Not,       1|               and Aristotelian ethics have indeed an external resemblance,
152     Not,       1|            away with what Plato would have considered most valuable
153     Not,       1|           nostros: few of the editors have understood this. Atticus
154     Not,       1|      repugnans iudicando: MSS. exc. G have et before quid falsum, whence
155     Not,       1|    awkwardness of repugnet which MSS. have for repugnans. Krische wishes
156     Not,       1|         petebant: how Antiochus could have found this in Plato and
157     Not,       1|         derivation from πολυχροος may have aided the corruption. Similarly
158     Not,       1|              1. Nam virtus: most MSS. have iam, which is out of place
159     Not,       1|             essent prima natura: MSS. have in natura. For the various
160     Not,       1|             other way could Antiochus have maintained the practical
161     Not,       1|            how edd. (esp Goer.) could have so stumbled over quandam
162     Not,       1|               is not Latin. The words have no philosophical significance
163     Not,       1|               tota omnia: these words have given rise to needless doubts;
164     Not,       1|              materia what he ought to have said of the qualia. Of course
165     Not,       1|           doubt its correctness. MSS. have ultro introque, whence ed.
166     Not,       1|           universal Force, Cic. would have qualified it with a quasi.
167     Not,       1|           excites his wrath) seems to have first been brought prominently
168     Not,       1|          dialectics with Plato's must have been driven to desperate
169     Not,       1|               in Antiochus, who would have glided over Plato's opinions
170     Not,       1|              false. I believe that we have a mixture here of Antiochus'
171     Not,       1|             motionibus which the rest have. Notio is Cicero's regular
172     Not,       1|           Stoic. This statement might have been made both by Aristotle
173     Not,       1|      examination of authorities would have led Halm to retract his
174     Not,       1|         Davies therefore ought not to have placed it before ducibus,
175     Not,       1|              3, but not quite thus. I have sometimes thought that Cic.
176     Not,       1|               Aristotelian ethics; we have here a Stoic view of him
177     Not,       1|        Arcesilas. The fact is that we have a mere theory, which accounts
178     Not,       1|        emendations. Halm ought not to have doubted the soundness of
179     Not,       1|             appears at first sight to have made the αποπροηγμενα a
180     Not,       1|          reader would suppose Cic. to have had that intention. So if
181     Not,       1|              in Latin, a difficulty I have already observed on 36; (
182     Not,       1|              191) words which usually have an opposite meaning. Now
183     Not,       1|           that, of the αδιαφορα, some have αξια while others have απαξια.
184     Not,       1|           some have αξια while others have απαξια. He may fairly claim
185     Not,       1|                He may fairly claim to have applied to his words the
186     Not,       1|            κακιας ουδεν μεταξυ, which have regard to divisions of men,
187     Not,       1|         Servata praetermissaque: MSS. have et before servata, which
188     Not,       1|      responsible for the error, could have escaped it in any way not
189     Not,       1|               Sensus: we seem here to have a remnant of the distinction
190     Not,       1|         Excursus to his D.F.) that we have here an anacoluthon. Cic.
191     Not,       1|             take the same view, but I have not come across anything
192     Not,       1|                 etc. The edd. seem to have thought that esse was needed
193     Not,       1|               επεχειν, which we shall have to explain in the Lucullus.
194     Not,       2|             which I suppose Cicero to have concluded the first book.~
195     Not,       2|            Acad. II. 14, 15, seems to have imitated that part of Cicero'
196     Not,       2|              belongs. If so Cic. must have condemned the unwarrantable
197     Not,       2|               not level.~4. On this I have nothing to remark.~5. There
198     Not,       2|           assaults on the senses must have been summed up in the phrase
199     Not,       2|              p. 63.~16. This may well have formed part of Varro's explanation
200     Not,       2|        therefore in this passage must have agreed with some lost noun
201     Not,       2|         crassis occultata, so that we have another alteration, see
202     Not,       2|                UNCERTAIN BOOKS.~32. I have already said that this most
203     Not,       2|                In the Introd. p. 55 I have given my opinion that the
204     Not,       2|             of the Academy could only have occurred either in the speech
205     Not,       2|               must not be supposed to have no truths to maintain, see
206     Not,       2|              where this passage could have been included if not in
207     Not,       2|             Contr. Ac. II. 14, 15, we have what appears to be a summary
208     Not,       2|               exposition of Cic. must have ended. From this portion
209     Not,       2|        applying myself to philosophy, have neglected no public duty,
210     Not,       2|           good deal of learning would have been considered unworthy
211     Not,       2|               notions, the sons would have gained greater glory by
212     Not,       2|               Consulatum: he seems to have been absent during the years
213     Not,       2|            Asia pace: three good MSS. have Asiae; Baiter ejects Asia;
214     Not,       2|           works may fairly be said to have this character; scarcely,
215     Not,       2|             non mihi integrum est"—"I have committed my self." Et quasi:
216     Not,       2|              my self." Et quasi: MSS. have et quibus et quasi. Cogimur:
217     Not,       2|              adamaverunt: "which they have learned to love;" the ad
218     Not,       2|              Two, however, of Davies' have si vera etc. In support
219     Not,       2|               Rom. (1471); the others have labefacta. Orelli's statement (
220     Not,       2|      Tetrilius: some MSS. are said to have Tetrinius, and the name
221     Not,       2|        Summary. Cicero seems to me to have acted like a seditious tribune,
222     Not,       2|               Arcesilas? His opinions have had scanty, though brilliant
223     Not,       2|               where all the best MSS. have annos. The ablative is always
224     Not,       2|              of Cassius, but seems to have done nothing else for the
225     Not,       2|          legal effect the bills would have. Ut videmus ... ut suspicantur:
226     Not,       2|     noticeable that five MSS. of Halm have simile. Xenophanem: so Victorius
227     Not,       2|               Zeller 533. As two MSS. have hac nonne Christ conj. Hagnone
228     Not,       2|               and Carneades would not have attempted to disprove this;
229     Not,       2|            Ethica, he would appear to have afterwards left dialectic
230     Not,       2|              that Cic. never seems to have made himself the defender
231     Not,       2|             of painters and musicians have! How keen is the sense of
232     Not,       2|               exist unless her dogmas have a sure basis (27). Hence
233     Not,       2|              27). Hence the Academics have been urged to allow their
234     Not,       2|              initium: cf. 26, "This I have," the Academic would reply, "
235     Not,       2|              this passage, which must have been preserved in the second
236     Not,       2|            impossible that Cic. could have written it. The two verbs
237     Not,       2|              visis, etc.: i.e. if you have a number of things, emitting
238     Not,       2|             it proceeds, then you can have no faith in any appearance
239     Not,       2|            any appearance even if you have gone through the process
240     Not,       2|                Summary. The Academics have a regular method. They first
241     Not,       2|              sensations such as might have been produced in the same
242     Not,       2|             has a form which it might have if it proceeded from an
243     Not,       2|               as some modern sceptics have done, the actual existence
244     Not,       2|             be known. In illa vera we have a pointed mocking repetition
245     Not,       2|              the subject matter would have shown emendation to be unnecessary,
246     Not,       2|              false sensations such as have only a slight degree of
247     Not,       2|         before giving assent. When we have wakened from the dream,
248     Not,       2|             cf. I. 41. Edormiverunt: "have slept off the effects,"
249     Not,       2|               συγχεουσι). Utimur: "we have to put up with," so χρησθαι
250     Not,       2|           without its consequence. We have an exact parallel in English,
251     Not,       2|         consequence "thou wouldst not have died," or something of the
252     Not,       2|              in. Eosdem: once more we have Lucullus' chronic and perhaps
253     Not,       2|              for per, which most MSS. have. The older edd. and Orelli
254     Not,       2|             The older edd. and Orelli have potest, with one MS. Quasi:
255     Not,       2|             that formas is a trans. I have met with no other passage
256     Not,       2|               dogmatic doctrine, must have originated in the reactionary
257     Not,       2|              41 (whose authority must have been Cicero), be attributed
258     Not,       2|       liquebat, which Goer., Kl., Or. have. For the support accorded
259     Not,       2|               on I. 25. The best MSS. have here tamen in. Madv. altered
260     Not,       2|            hoc, or some such word, to have fallen out between igitur
261     Not,       2|             of Lamb. nisi sub nube. I have before remarked that b is
262     Not,       2|         doctrine which Socrates would have left to the Sophists. De
263     Not,       2|        Eiusdem modi: cf. 40, 84. MSS. have eius modi, altered by Dav.
264     Not,       2|             is of such a nature as to have lasted". Nam illud ... pertinebat:
265     Not,       2|           than sound senses. He would have a bad time with me. For
266     Not,       2|               P. for Q. Geminus could have no infallible mode of recognising
267     Not,       2|         without art, which so few can have! What an idea this gives
268     Not,       2|               see 19. Quod ne [id]: I have bracketed id with most edd.
269     Not,       2|             Higher Pantheism"—"all we have power to see is a straight
270     Not,       2|               Habes: as two good MSS. have habes et eum, Madv. Em.
271     Not,       2|             one good MS. but the rest have importata, a good em. is
272     Not,       2|              Audiret ... ageret: MSS. have audies ... agerent. As the
273     Not,       2|            loco video ... cerno: MSS. have loco cerno regionem video
274     Not,       2|             Paradoxa 12 the best MSS. have si qui and si quis almost
275     Not,       2|         stadia distant," aberat would have implied that Cic. had some
276     Not,       2|               some MSS., but the best have ullos, whence Klotz conj.
277     Not,       2|              no better senses than we have." Well you are like the
278     Not,       2|               difficult passage. MSS. have aqua, an error easy, as
279     Not,       2|            Somnia reri: the best MSS. have somniare. Goer. reads somnia,
280     Not,       2|          supplying non fuisse vera. I have already remarked on his
281     Not,       2|              p. 442. Ita credit: MSS. have illa, which Dav. altered.
282     Not,       2|               Incedunt etc.: the MSS. have incede, which Lamb. corrected.
283     Not,       2|                on Halm's suggestion I have written it twice. Caerulea ...
284     Not,       2|             the old poetry. MSS. here have igni. Crinitus: ακερσεκομης, "
285     Not,       2|              this line. Some old edd. have lunat, while Lamb. reads
286     Not,       2|        Interrogati: cf. 104. In 94 we have interroganti, which some
287     Not,       2|                The same terms seem to have been used by the Cynics,
288     Not,       2|              Lael. 63. Superbus es: I have thus corrected the MSS.
289     Not,       2|            Lucullus; cf. 13. The MSS. have videant or adeant; Halm
290     Not,       2|              Probo ... bono: it would have seemed more natural to transpose
291     Not,       2|        improbet: this Halm rejects. I have noticed among recent editors
292     Not,       2|              example, in 29 the words have the first meaning, in 66
293     Not,       2|               the MSS. in our passage have flavum) videtur, quodque
294     Not,       2|             om. que. Proximo et: MSS. have ei, rightly altered by Lamb.,
295     Not,       2|               by Ernesti. It seems to have the force of Eng. "indeed", "
296     Not,       2|            the reading. The best MSS. have qui. Et sine decretis: Lamb.
297     Not,       2|              last sentence. Some MSS. have ille, while Dav. without
298     Not,       2|               et falsi, etc. which we have already had. Ne confundere
299     Not,       2|         Doubtless a Peripatetic would have wondered how a sceptic could
300     Not,       2|             at Cicero's acceptance. I have already suggested (n. on
301     Not,       2|          suggested (n. on 18) that we have here a trace of Philo's
302     Not,       2|              we can dissect, while we have not the advantage of being
303     Not,       2|       carentem omni illa qualitate. I have merely bracketed carentem,
304     Not,       2|            Sententiam eliget et: MSS. have (by dittographia of m, eli)
305     Not,       2|          melius after sententiam, and have also dropped et. Dav. wished
306     Not,       2|            protoplasm; he was said to have assumed that the living
307     Not,       2|               living protoplasm would have the same properties as the
308     Not,       2|               literally an aristocrat have failed. Convicio: cf. 34.
309     Not,       2|         permensi refertis, which MSS. have after nego. Hic, which MSS.
310     Not,       2|           after nego. Hic, which MSS. have after decempeda, Madv. turns
311     Not,       2|                Elatiores: MSS. mostly have latiores. Halm with Lamb.
312     Not,       2|           Occurit ... completur: MSS. have occuret mostly, if that
313     Not,       2|              quae: Halm and many edd. have se, quae. But the se comes
314     Not,       2|              V. 85. Ut Herillum. MSS. have either Erillum or et illum,
315     Not,       2|              so closely related as to have, like the schools of Democritus
316     Not,       2|            prudentior: MSS. generally have assentiens, but one good
317     Not,       2|               the other emendations I have seen are too unsatisfactory
318     Not,       2|              nec for ne ... quidem. I have followed the reading of
319     Not,       2|               which title he seems to have published a work different
320     Not,       2|           fines; otherwise fine would have been written. Cf. I. 4 si
321     Not,       2|             arts altogether? When you have got the crowd together,
322     Not,       2|               cf. I. 30. Several MSS. have cognitionis, the two words
323     Not,       2|               I. 238. Ea non ut: MSS. have ut ea non aut. Halm reads
324     Not,       2|            but I prefer the reading I have given because of Cicero'
325     Not,       2|             112. Tollendum: many edd. have gone far astray in interpreting
326     Not,       2|           ancora; in the first way we have had tollere used a score