| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | has been structured into 8 sections: (i) Introduction; (
2 I, 2. 4 | rates in the EU25 range from 8% in the Nordic countries,
3 I, 2. 5 | even taking into account 1.8 million immigrating into
4 I, 2. 6 | expected to decline from 91.8 and 91.6 millions in 2002
5 I, 2. 8 | 2.8. Energy production~ ~Due
6 I, 2. 9 | temperature has increased by 0.8 °C compared with pre-industrial
7 I, 2. 9 | projected global warming (1.8–4.0 °C).~ ~European glaciers
8 I, 2. 10. 4 | healthcare costs but only 6-8% in the retail industry
9 I, 3. 1 | and even lower in France (8%). More recent cohorts show
10 I, 3. 3 | followed by Germany (26.8), Sweden (26.4) and Belgium (
11 I, 3. 3 | old-age-dependency ratio rose by 2.8% in the period from 2000
12 I, 3. 3 | recent value amounts to 26.8 for 2004, which corresponds
13 II, 4. 1 | the 12 new Member States (8 years) than elsewhere in
14 II, 4. 1 | remaining HLY still reaches 8.8 years for men and 9.9
15 II, 4. 1 | remaining HLY still reaches 8.8 years for men and 9.9 years
16 II, 4. 2 | expectancy increased by 1.8 years in the 1970s, 2.1
17 II, 4. 2 | diseases (causes 6, 7 and 8 in table 3) has contributed
18 II, 4. 2 | in the 1980s for men in 8 out of the 13 selected countries
19 II, 5. 1. 1 | cigarettes per day was about 8, compared to non-smokers.
20 II, 5. 2. 4 | mmHg; 160 mmHg).~Table 5.2.8 shows data on total cholesterol:
21 II, 5. 2. 4 | 2 mmol/l, 6.2, 6.5 or 7.8) and difficulties in the
22 II, 5. 2. 4 | countries (see also Chapter 8).~ ~Table 5.2.7. Estimated
23 II, 5. 2. 4 | EU countries.~ ~Table 5.2.8. Estimated mean values of
24 II, 5. 2. 6 | intake to less than 1,5 g (3,8 g) per day, an increased
25 II, 5. 3. 3 | Registry were provided ( 8% export from registry database
26 II, 5. 3. 5 | mortality trends (Figures 5.3.8) are decreasing both for
27 II, 5. 3. 6 | 2% in 1992–1994 and from 8.1% to 9.8% in women (Sant
28 II, 5. 3. 6 | 1994 and from 8.1% to 9.8% in women (Sant et al, 2003).~ ~
29 II, 5. 3. 9 | 5.3.8 References~ ~Berrino F,
30 II, 5. 3. 9 | EUROCARE-4 study. Lancet Oncology 8 (9):773-783.~ ~Boyle P,
31 II, 5. 3. 9 | EUROCARE-4 data. Lancet Oncology 8 (9): 784-796.~ ~WCRF (2007):
32 II, 5. 4. 1 | affected, and North America (8.4%). The highest numbers
33 II, 5. 4. 1 | followed by China with 39.8 million, USA, Russia, Germany,
34 II, 5. 4. 1 | European Region is around 7.8% (about 48 million people),
35 II, 5. 4. 1 | reports a prevalence of 8.5% in the EU 27 Member States,
36 II, 5. 4. 1 | prevalence rates with 11.8% and 11.1%, while the UK
37 II, 5. 4. 1 | estimated to increase up to 8.0% in 2025.~Another important
38 II, 5. 4. 1 | with type 2 diabetes in 8 EU countries: Belgium, France,
39 II, 5. 4. 1 | Jonsson et al 2002). For these 8 countries, the average annual
40 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.8. National drug sales~ ~Some
41 II, 5. 4. 2 | in Europe with a total of 8 countries achieving a percentage
42 II, 5. 4. 3 | increase were 6.3% (4.1-8.5%) for children aged 0-
43 II, 5. 4. 3 | aged 0-4 years, 3.1% (1.5-4.8%) for 5-9 years, and 2.4% (
44 II, 5. 4. 3 | 9 years, and 2.4% (1.0-3.8%) for 10-14 years (Green,
45 II, 5. 4. 3 | In 2006, approximately 8.7% of the adult (20-79 years)
46 II, 5. 4. 3 | Renal failure. In EUCID only 8 countries provided data,
47 II, 5. 4. 4 | median=3%) and IDF (median=8.7%) data is difficult to
48 II, 5. 4. 8 | 5.4.8. References~Armesto SG,
49 II, 5. 4. 8 | costs of medical care 1 and 8 years after diagnosis of
50 II, 5. 4. 8 | 1997 Aug 30;315(7107):524-8.~Pap L (1993): Utilization
51 II, 5. 4. 8 | TRIGR). Pediatr Diabetes 8(3):117-37~Waug A (2007):
52 II, 5. 5. 1 | 14 age group (Table 5.5.1.8) the suicide rates were
53 II, 5. 5. 1 | and Ireland.~ ~Table 5.5.1.8. Number of deaths (N) and
54 II, 5. 5. 1 | Epidemiol Community Health 57(8):594-600.~ ~C J (2008).
55 II, 5. 5. 1 | EQ-5D. Qual Life Res 15(8):1403-14.~ ~Schmidtke A.,
56 II, 5. 5. 3 | girls (18%) than for boys (8%). Again, dissatisfaction
57 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.8 Acronyms~ ~DSMR-IV classification~
58 II, 5. 5. 3 | world wide, of which 17.8% in the WHO European Region (
59 II, 5. 5. 3 | from Western Europe note 17.8%, while estimates in the
60 II, 5. 5. 3 | psychiatrists ranges from 1.8 to 25, of psychiatric nurses
61 II, 5. 5. 3 | Council (Figure 5.5.3.3.8). Although not all countries
62 II, 5. 5. 3 | account.~Figure 5.5.3.2.8. Costs per case of schizophrenia
63 II, 5. 5. 3 | Public Health Bull 13(7):155-8.~Andlin-Sobocki P, & Rössler
64 II, 5. 5. 3 | Br J Psychiatry 171:502-8.~Buizza C, Schulze B, Bertocchi
65 II, 5. 5. 3 | Wien Klin Wochenschr 118 (7-8):196-206.~European Commission (
66 II, 5. 5. 3 | World Psychiatry 5(3):130-8.~Häfner H, Maurer K, Ruhrmann
67 II, 5. 5. 3 | of General Psychiatry 56(8):733-40.~NOMESCO. Health
68 II, 5. 5. 3 | cost £2.7 billion (Euros 3.8 billion) annually, yet for
69 II, 5. 5. 3 | features) occurred in 15% (8.7 per 100,000 per year),
70 II, 5. 5. 3 | localization-related epilepsy in 16% (8.8 per 100,000 per year),
71 II, 5. 5. 3 | localization-related epilepsy in 16% (8.8 per 100,000 per year), symptomatic
72 II, 5. 5. 3 | localization-related epilepsy in 15% (8.4 per 100,000 per year),
73 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy ranges from 3.2 to 7.8 per 1,000 (Table 5.5.3.4.
74 II, 5. 5. 3 | All ages ~MR review~428 ~4.8 ~Olafsson and Hauser, 1999 (*)~
75 II, 5. 5. 3 | All ages ~MR review~337.8 ~ ~Zielinski, 1974 (*)~Spain ~
76 II, 5. 5. 3 | unclassifiable seizures in 8-17%. The corresponding numbers
77 II, 5. 5. 3 | 17%, absence epilepsy 6-8%, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
78 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1-5%, West syndrome 0.5-8%, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
79 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy ranges from 1 to 8 per 100,000 population per
80 II, 5. 5. 3 | community-based studies and 1.9-8.7 in institutionalised populations (
81 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohort~218~121.0~1.8~Zielinski, 1974~Sweden~GP/
82 II, 5. 5. 3 | Cross-sectional~105~12.0~8.7~Alstrom, 1942 (*)~ ~NC/
83 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohort~160~67.8~2.4~Alstrom, 1950 (*)~ ~
84 II, 5. 5. 3 | 3 RR of death (95% CI 3.8-22.7) compared with patients
85 II, 5. 5. 3 | and the SMRs from 1 and 5.8. The wide difference in
86 II, 5. 5. 3 | causes) was 4.9 (95% CI 2.7-8.3) vs. 7.9 (95% CI 2.6-18.
87 II, 5. 5. 3 | followed by schizophrenia (PR 5.8).~ ~Prognosis~Treatment
88 II, 5. 5. 3 | accidents (rate ratio, RR 1.8)(Vaa, 2005) and the risk
89 II, 5. 5. 3 | would add an additional € 8 billion. The cost per MS
90 II, 5. 5. 3 | year period. Eur J Neurol 8:463-469.~Confavreux C, Compston
91 II, 5. 5. 3 | Evros, Greece. Eur Neurol 49:8-12.~Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg
92 II, 5. 5. 3 | Germany. Neuroepidemiology 8:207-213.~Potemkowski A (
93 II, 5. 5. 3 | cost study. Mult Scler 13(8):1054-64. Erratum in: Mult
94 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.5.8. Acronyms~ ~ADL~Activities
95 II, 5. 5. 3 | reports that SMR is about 1.8 (Hely et al, 2005; Hely
96 II, 5. 5. 3 | double by 2030 to results in 8.7 to 9.3 million (Dorsey
97 II, 5. 5. 3 | study. J Am Geriatr Soc 48(8):938-942.~Anderson DW, Rocca
98 II, 5. 5. 3 | through 1987. Arch Neurol 48(8):854-857.~Hely MA, Morris
99 II, 5. 5. 3 | Parkinsonism Relat Disord 8(5):297-309.~LePen C, Wait
100 II, 5. 5. 3 | Germany. Pharmacoeconomics 23(8):817-836.~Sutcliffe RL,
101 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.8. Acronyms~ ~EBC~European
102 II, 5. 6. 3 | with a rheumatic disorder, 8.2% were disabled and of
103 II, 5. 6. 3 | health care costs compared to 8.1% for mental retardation.
104 II, 5. 6. 3 | diseases accounted for 4.8%. This study only considered
105 II, 5. 6. 3 | in an odds ratio of about 8.0 for developing OA knee (
106 II, 5. 6. 3 | likely to fall (Table 5.6.8) and those who may have
107 II, 5. 6. 3 | Melton, 1995).~ ~Table 5.6.8. Risk Factors for Falling
108 II, 5. 7. 1 | estimated that in Italy 1.8% of the total health care
109 II, 5. 7. 3 | incidence rate of 3-5 CKD was 7.8 per 1000 patients x years (
110 II, 5. 7. 3 | 14.5% (NHANES III) to 16.8% (NHANES IV) (Tonelli et
111 II, 5. 7. 3 | respectively (Table 5.7.8). Five-year mortality in
112 II, 5. 7. 3 | et al, 2000).~ ~Table 5.7.8. 90-day, one-, two- and
113 II, 5. 7. 5 | prevention~ ~See Chapter 8~ ~Secondary prevention~ ~
114 II, 5. 7. 7 | failure. Lancet 2000 Jul 8;356(9224):147-52.~Boulware
115 II, 5. 7. 7 | Nephrol 2005 Jan;16(1):180-8.~de Zeeuw D, Hillege HL,
116 II, 5. 7. 7 | Int 2005 Dec;68(6):2801-8.~Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor
117 II, 5. 7. 7 | Nephrol 2002 Nov;22(6):441-8.~Otero A, Gayoso P, Garcia
118 II, 5. 7. 7 | Dial Transplant 2006 Aug;21(8):2178-83.~Tonelli M, Wiebe
119 II, 5. 8 | 5.8. Chronic obstructive pulmonary
120 II, 5. 8. 1 | 5.8.1. Introduction~ ~The term
121 II, 5. 8. 1 | diseases, accounting for 3.8% of total deaths and is
122 II, 5. 8. 2 | 5.8.2. Data sources~ ~The data
123 II, 5. 8. 2 | Viegi et al 2004).~ ~Table 5.8.2.1. ICD10 Codes for pulmonary
124 II, 5. 8. 2 | Centrilobular emphysema~J43.8~ ~Other emphysema~J43.9~ ~
125 II, 5. 8. 2 | exacerbation, unspecified~J44.8~ ~Other specified chronic
126 II, 5. 8. 3 | 5.8.3. Data description and
127 II, 5. 8. 3 | significantly higher in smokers (18.8%).~ ~A study by Johannessen
128 II, 5. 8. 3 | of GOLD-defined COPD of 1.8% in never smokers, in a
129 II, 5. 8. 3 | four estimates (Table 5.8.1)~ ~Table 5.8.1. Prevalence
130 II, 5. 8. 3 | Table 5.8.1)~ ~Table 5.8.1. Prevalence estimates
131 II, 5. 8. 3 | Romania, Hungary (Figure 5.8.1).~ ~ ~ ~In two model studies
132 II, 5. 8. 3 | are reported in Figure 5.8.2.~ ~Figure 5.8.2. Prevalence
133 II, 5. 8. 3 | Figure 5.8.2.~ ~Figure 5.8.2. Prevalence of the GOLD
134 II, 5. 8. 3 | II was 10.1% overall, 11.8% for men, and 8.5% for women (
135 II, 5. 8. 3 | overall, 11.8% for men, and 8.5% for women (Buist et al,
136 II, 5. 8. 3 | severe 0.6% (GOLD-COPD: mild 8.2%, moderate 5.3%, severe
137 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2005) in males and 3..9, 8.1, 2.3, 0.4, respectively,
138 II, 5. 8. 3 | pulmonary embolism (Table 5.8.2).~ ~Table 5.8.2. Incidence
139 II, 5. 8. 3 | Table 5.8.2).~ ~Table 5.8.2. Incidence of comorbidities
140 II, 5. 8. 4 | 5.8.4. Risk factors~ ~Active
141 II, 5. 8. 4 | is presented in Figure 5.8.3.~ ~Figure 5.8.3. Incidence
142 II, 5. 8. 4 | Figure 5.8.3.~ ~Figure 5.8.3. Incidence rates of COPD
143 II, 5. 8. 4 | cigarettes per day was about 8, compared to non-smokers.
144 II, 5. 8. 4 | with prevalence rates of 11.8% for the pre-clinical stage,
145 II, 5. 8. 5 | 5.8.5. Control tools and policies~ ~
146 II, 5. 8. 6 | 5.8.6. Future developments~ ~
147 II, 5. 8. 6 | or at home (37.4% vs 2.8%, p<0.05) than people with
148 II, 5. 8. 7 | 5.8.7. References~ ~ ~American
149 II, 5. 9. FB | former East Germany only 6 to 8 years after the Germany
150 II, 5. 9. FB | RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8). The combined results from
151 II, 5. 9. FB | 5.FB.8. Future developments~ ~Allergic
152 II, 5. 9. 2 | 493.9~Detergent asthma 507.8~Wood asthma 95.8~Miner’s
153 II, 5. 9. 2 | asthma 507.8~Wood asthma 95.8~Miner’s asthma 500)~· Extrinsic
154 II, 5. 9. 2 | due to other allergens 477.8~· Allergic rhinitis (non
155 II, 5. 9. 3 | overall remission rate was 45.8% (41.6% in women and 49.
156 II, 5. 9. 3 | earlier age at onset (7.8 vs 15.9 years, P 001) and
157 II, 5. 9. 3 | to the age at onset (62.8% and 15.0% in the <10- and >
158 II, 5. 9. 3 | total population), Latvia (8.2%), Czech Rep.(8% of the
159 II, 5. 9. 3 | Latvia (8.2%), Czech Rep.(8% of the general population:
160 II, 5. 9. 3 | 9.1% in children and 6.8% in adults), Spain (6.3%),
161 II, 5. 9. 3 | Greece 27.5%, Macedonia 20.8%, Bulgaria 18.3%, Latvia
162 II, 5. 9. 3 | Spain 10.6% and Poland 8.5% and Germany 3%. These
163 II, 5. 9. 3 | the emergency admissions, 8 patients died. (Lung Health
164 II, 5. 9. 3 | indirect costs amounting to €9.8 billion) (Lung Health in
165 II, 5. 9. 3 | and ambulatory care (€ 3.8 billion), drugs (€ 3.6 billion)
166 II, 5. 9. 4 | was 17.1%, the median 36.8% and the highest 54.8%.
167 II, 5. 9. 4 | 36.8% and the highest 54.8%. Sensitization to D. pteronyssinus,
168 II, 5. 9. 4 | centre 21.7%, 16.9% and 8.8%, respectively). Timothy
169 II, 5. 9. 4 | centre 21.7%, 16.9% and 8.8%, respectively). Timothy
170 II, 5. 9. 4 | from current hay fever, 6.8% from asthma, 4.5% from
171 II, 5. 9. 4 | 7%) than in females (28.8%). Skin sensitization was
172 II, 5. 9. 4 | followed by house dust mite (8.9%), silver birch pollen (
173 II, 5. 9. 4 | 9%) and cat epithelia (3.8%).~A very recent study investigated
174 II, 5. 9. 4 | 12.4% of the males and 8.0% of the females (P=0.03).
175 II, 5. 9. 4 | 2.5) and asthma (OR = 3.8); and the child's history
176 II, 5. 9. 4 | and atopic eczema (OR = 3.8) in the first 2 years of
177 II, 5. 9. 4 | 1.3%) and rhinitis (15.8%) symptoms, but that these
178 II, 5. 9. 7 | Immunol. 2007 May;18(3):201-8~ ~Erwin EA, Custis N, Ronmark
179 II, 5. 9. 7 | Barc). 2007 Feb;66(2):154-8~ ~The UCB Institute of Allergy (
180 II, 5. 9. 7 | Immunol. 2003 Jun;111(6):1232-8~ ~von Mutius (2006): The
181 II, 5. 9. 7 | Ther Umsch. May;58(5):253-8~ ~ ~
182 II, 5. 10. 3 | items, include chocolate (4.8%), followed by apple and
183 II, 5. 10. 3 | 3%), shrimps and eggs (2.8), oysters (2.3) and fish (
184 II, 5. 10. 3 | confirmed with food challenge (0.8-2.4%) (EU SCOOP, 1998).~ ~
185 II, 5. 10. 7 | labelling? Allergy 59:1262-8.~ ~Mills ENC, Mackie AR,
186 II, 5. 11. 3 | 15.2% Point prevalence=5.8%~Girolomoni G, et al~ ~Danish
187 II, 5. 11. 3 | questionnaire survey)~Prevalence=8% (including mild cases)~
188 II, 5. 11. 3 | children in London, where 8.5% were known to have visible
189 II, 5. 11. 3 | decreased significantly from 24.8% to 9.2% over a 12-year
190 II, 5. 11. 3 | market showed that only 8% of the tested piercing
191 II, 5. 11. 3 | significantly from 36.7% to 25.8% among German women below
192 II, 5. 11. 3 | revealed percentages of 20.8% and 21.9 % for nickel allergy,
193 II, 5. 11. 3 | disease was found to affect 2.8% of the population, mainly
194 II, 5. 11. 3 | medical care with 7.3%, 3.4% 8.9% and 3.8% in the following
195 II, 5. 11. 3 | with 7.3%, 3.4% 8.9% and 3.8% in the following age groups:
196 II, 5. 11. 3 | prevalences ranging from 0.2% to 4.8%. The highest prevalence,
197 II, 5. 11. 3 | and the Faeroe Islands (2.8%), with the average for
198 II, 5. 11. 3 | increased by 13.5% in men and 18.8% in women. Head and neck
199 II, 5. 12. 3 | 6, Ireland from 3.4 to 4.8, England and Wales from
200 II, 5. 12. 3 | England and Wales from 3.6 to 8.9, Scotland from 7.8 to
201 II, 5. 12. 3 | to 8.9, Scotland from 7.8 to 20.3, Bulgaria from 12.
202 II, 5. 12. 5 | European countries.~See Chapter 8 for what concerns prevention
203 II, 5. 12. 7 | review. Int J Cancer 111:1-8.~ ~Poynard T, Naveau S,
204 II, 5. 13 | were estimated to be €32.8 billion per year (Fry and
205 II, 5. 14. 1 | molars in children aged 6 to 8 years. Retention of primary
206 II, 5. 14. 3 | DMFT teeth. In contrast, 10.8% of all children have a
207 II, 5. 14. 3 | within European countries (12.8% in Italy, 16.3% in France,
208 II, 5. 14. 3 | 55.6% of 12-year-olds; 17.8% of children aged 6 had
209 II, 5. 14. 3 | Europe, which represents 4-8% of the total health expenses,
210 II, 5. 14. 3 | expenditures represent 3.8 to 8% of all health care
211 II, 5. 14. 3 | expenditures represent 3.8 to 8% of all health care expenditures.
212 II, 5. 14. 3 | most for its oral health: 0.8% of the GDP. France falls
213 II, 5. 14. 5 | control of smoking see Chapter 8; for the control of excessive
214 II, 5. 14. 5 | consumption see Chapter 8 ; and for diabetes mellitus
215 II, 5. 14. 8 | 5.14.8. References~ ~Bourgeois
216 II, 5. 14. 8 | article online, accessed on 8 February 2008).~Petersen
217 II, 5. 15. 1 | there are between 5 000 and 8 000 distinct rare diseases,
218 II, 5. 15. 3 | deaths, and in particular to 8.3% of deaths before the
219 II, 6. 3. 1 | million and to salmonellosis € 8.8 million. Extrapolated
220 II, 6. 3. 1 | and to salmonellosis € 8.8 million. Extrapolated to
221 II, 6. 3. 3 | per 100 000), Lithuania (8.61 per 100 000) and Estonia (
222 II, 6. 3. 3 | per 100 000) and Estonia (8.24 per 100 000), with the
223 II, 6. 3. 4 | in 2000–03 (from 4.2% to 8.3%) associated with recent
224 II, 6. 3. 4 | SARS-CoV had resulted in 8 098 SARS cases in 26 countries,
225 II, 6. 3. 5 | disease remains high (around 8%) and survivors may suffer
226 II, 6. 3. 6 | scanty. In 2005, almost 8 000 cases were reported
227 II, 6. 3. 7 | decrease since 2000 (Figure 6.8).~ ~Figure 6.8. Malaria
228 II, 6. 3. 7 | Figure 6.8).~ ~Figure 6.8. Malaria trends in Europe~ ~
229 II, 7. 2. 8 | 7.2.8. Surveys~ ~Household surveys
230 II, 7. 3. 3 | injury is approximately 8 days, adding up to an estimated
231 II, 7. 3. 3 | data indicate that up to 8% of retirements on the grounds
232 II, 7. 3. 4 | road fatalities (Figure 7.8).Even the high share of
233 II, 7. 3. 4 | project (htt ~ ~Figure 7.8. Fatalities per road user
234 II, 7. 4 | injuries account for about 8% of all hospital admissions.
235 II, 7. 4 | data indicate that up to 8% of retirement on the grounds
236 II, 7. 4. 2 | which represents about 8 million cases per year in
237 II, 7. 4. 3 | 7.20; see also Figure 7.8. Fatalities per road user
238 II, 7. 4. 3 | cyclists. Approximately 1.8 million vulnerable road
239 II, 7. 4. 4 | basketball (50%), racket sports (8%), winter sports (7%), gymnastics
240 II, 8 | 8. DISABILITIES~ ~
241 II, 8. 1 | 8.1. OVERALL DISABILITY DATA
242 II, 8. 1. 1 | 8.1.1. Introduction~ ~Physically
243 II, 8. 1. 2 | 8.1.2. Data Sources~ ~The
244 II, 8. 1. 3 | 8.1.3. Data Presentation~ ~
245 II, 8. 1. 3 | women aged 16-64.~ ~Table 8.1. Proportion of people
246 II, 8. 1. 4 | 8.1.4. Future developments~ ~
247 II, 8. 1. 5 | 8.1.5. Policies and control
248 II, 8. 1. 6 | 8.1.6. References~ ~APPLICA &
249 II, 8. 2 | 8.2. SPECIFIC DISABILITIES~ ~ ~ ~
250 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1. Intellectual disability~ ~ ~
251 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.1. Introduction~ ~Intellectual
252 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.2. Data sources~ ~Population-based
253 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.3. Data description
254 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.4. Risk factors~ ~Causes
255 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.5. Control tools and
256 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.5.1. Primary prevention~ ~
257 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.6. Future developments~ ~
258 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.7. References~ ~American
259 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.8. Acronyms~ ~DIS~Disability
260 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.8. Acronyms~ ~DIS~Disability
261 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2. Visual impairment and
262 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2.1. Introduction~ ~Blindness
263 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2.2. Data Sources~ ~The
264 II, 8. 2. 2 | Candidate Countries (Table 8.2) due to different assumptions
265 II, 8. 2. 2 | Murray et al, 2001).~ ~Table 8.2. Prevalence of blindness
266 II, 8. 2. 2 | in EUR-B countries (Table 8.3). Glaucoma and diabetic
267 II, 8. 2. 2 | developed countries.~ ~Table 8.3. Causes of blindness as
268 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2.3. Data Description~ ~
269 II, 8. 2. 2 | Candidate Countries (Table 8.2) due to different assumptions
270 II, 8. 2. 2 | Murray et al, 2001).~ ~Table 8.2. Prevalence of blindness
271 II, 8. 2. 2 | in EUR-B countries (Table 8.3). Glaucoma and diabetic
272 II, 8. 2. 2 | developed countries.~ ~Table 8.3. Causes of blindness as
273 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2.4. Future developments~ ~
274 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2.5. Control tools and
275 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2.6. References~ ~Donnelly
276 II, 8. 2. 3 | 8.2.3. Hearing loss~ ~
277 II, 8. 2. 3 | 8.2.3.1. Introduction~ ~Hearing
278 II, 8. 2. 3 | 8.2.3.2. Data Sources~ ~Studies
279 II, 8. 2. 3 | performance are presented in Table 8.4. Available data have been
280 II, 8. 2. 3 | H90-H91) (WHO, 2002).~ ~Table 8.4. WHO grades of hearing
281 II, 8. 2. 3 | 8.2.3.3. Data description~ ~
282 II, 8. 2. 3 | obtained are shown in Table 8.5. An additional study carried
283 II, 8. 2. 3 | be 0.1 to 0.2%.~ ~Table 8.5. Estimated prevalence
284 II, 8. 2. 3 | to be 3.3% (males) and 2.8% (females) in the WHO EUR-A
285 II, 8. 2. 3 | 8.2.3.4. References~ ~Davis
286 II, 8. 2. 3 | 8.2.3.5. Acronyms~ ~HL:~Hearing
287 II, 9. 1 | additional 40 000 (approximately 8 per 1 000 survivors) experience
288 II, 9. 1. 1 | than three times greater (8.5/1 000) among countries
289 II, 9. 1. 1 | Gynecol 2002;186(2):274-8.~Bertollini R, DiLallo D,
290 II, 9. 1. 1 | gyneco-obstetrique situes dans 8 pays differents. J Gynecol
291 II, 9. 1. 2 | congenital anomalies of 23.8 per 1 000 births for 2000-
292 II, 9. 1. 2 | 000), urinary system (2.8 per 1 000) and nervous system
293 II, 9. 1. 2 | recorded in France (5.6 and 5.8 per 1 000 births respectively).
294 II, 9. 1. 2 | Table 9.1.2.3). Up to 0.8% (Switzerland) of foetuses
295 II, 9. 1. 2 | data report a prevalence of 8-10 per 1 000. The reported
296 II, 9. 1. 2 | is documented in Chapter 8. Figure 9.1.2.2 shows the
297 II, 9. 1. 2 | Ethers", Epidemiology, Vol 8, No 4, pp 355-363.~Cordier
298 II, 9. 1. 2 | 2002a): “EUROCAT Report 8: Surveillance of Congenital
299 II, 9. 1. 2 | HTA Assessment 2004; Vol 8, no. 33.~Hansen M, Bower
300 II, 9. 1. 2 | 9.1.2.8. Acronyms~ ~TOPFA Terminations
301 II, 9. 2. 3 | as 18.4% for Scotland, 16.8% for Wales, 15.3% for England,
302 II, 9. 2. 3 | behaviours, compared with 8.8% of girls who reported
303 II, 9. 2. 3 | behaviours, compared with 8.8% of girls who reported having
304 II, 9. 2. 8 | 9.2.8. Acronyms~ ~CEHAPE~Children’
305 II, 9. 3. 1 | a cut off of 230 ng/dL (8 nmol/L) of total testosterone
306 II, 9. 3. 1 | incidence rate as high as 8. to 10.5%.~ ~
307 II, 9. 3. 1 | prostate carcinoma. Cancer 104(8): 1633-1637~ ~Lim LS, Fitzpatrick
308 II, 9. 3. 1 | data." The Lancet Oncology 8(9): 784-796.~ ~Verlato G,
309 II, 9. 3. 1 | 9.3.1.8. Acronyms~ ~ADAM~Androgen
310 II, 9. 3. 2 | pregnancy, ranges from 0.07-8.23% with a case-fatality
311 II, 9. 3. 2 | Gynecol 2002;186(2):274-8.~ ~Bertollini R, DiLallo
312 II, 9. 3. 2 | gyneco-obstetrique situes dans 8 pays differents.~J Gynecol
313 II, 9. 3. 2 | 9.3.2.8. Acronyms~ ~IVF In-Vitro
314 II, 9. 4. 8 | 9.4.8. Acronyms~ ~AD~Alzheimer’
315 II, 9. 5. 3 | estimated at £5.7 billion (Euro 8.4 billion), with an extra £
316 II, 9. 5. 3 | and the Netherlands (30.8 per 100.000). (WHO HFA-DB,
317 II, 9. 5. 3 | physical activity at work.~ ~Table 9.5.8. Days of vigorous physical activity
318 II, 9. 5. 3 | in the EU27, compared to 8.1% for men. This period
319 II, 9. 5. 3 | Lithuania and Slovenia (around 8 hours a day) and the least
320 III, 10. 1. 3 | Med Sci Sports Exerc 29(8):1076-1089.~Kuntsche E,
321 III, 10. 1. 3 | Relat Metab Disord 23 Suppl 8: S1-S107.~Rehm J, Ashley
322 III, 10. 1. 3 | Barlett Publishers; p. 205-8.~Tappy L, Binnert C, Schneiter
323 III, 10. 2. 1 | twice the global average of 8.9% (Warren et al, 2006).~ ~
324 III, 10. 2. 1 | at home had declined by 8.7%, while the prevalence
325 III, 10. 2. 1 | whole EU though, over 1 in 8 (13%) of 15-16 year old
326 III, 10. 2. 1 | imports, thereby contributing €8.9bn to the goods account
327 III, 10. 2. 1 | use was reported by 0 to 8% of school children with
328 III, 10. 2. 1 | of roughly between 1 and 8 cases per 1000 inhabitants
329 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries (Figure 10.2.3.8). From 1999 to 2005 the
330 III, 10. 2. 1 | the EU.~ ~Figure 10.2.1.3.8. Trend in the distribution
331 III, 10. 2. 1 | gingivitis was observed among 5, 8 and 12 year olds. Among
332 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2005, to a total of 600.8 million units sold in 2005.
333 III, 10. 2. 1 | Data are available for 8 EU Member States and Candidate
334 III, 10. 2. 1 | but then decreased to 36.8% in 2002 (Lamprecht and
335 III, 10. 2. 1 | were estimated to be €32.8 billion per year (Fry and
336 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2006), of 19.5% in Sweden (8 years old) (Becker and Enghardt-Barbieri,
337 III, 10. 2. 1 | Netherlands (boys: 11.6%; girls: 8.6%) and Denmark (boys: 12.
338 III, 10. 2. 1 | et al, 2005), Romania (45.8%) (Statistical Office of
339 III, 10. 2. 1 | 6% among men and between 8.9% and 26.0% among women.~ ~
340 III, 10. 2. 1 | the numbers increased from 8% to 20% between 1974 and
341 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.7.8. References~ ~Overweight
342 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Becker
343 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Bostrom
344 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Branca
345 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Bromley
346 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Bromley
347 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Cole TJ,
348 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Department
349 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Dietz WH (
350 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Ebbeling
351 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Elgar FJ,
352 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~European
353 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~European
354 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Helakorpi
355 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~l'Institut
356 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Johannsson
357 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Kanagalingam
358 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Ministry
359 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~National
360 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~National
361 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~RIVM (2006):
362 III, 10. 2. 1 | database online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Statistical
363 III, 10. 2. 1 | database online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Statistical
364 III, 10. 2. 1 | database online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Statistical
365 III, 10. 2. 1 | database online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Statistics
366 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Statistics
367 III, 10. 2. 1 | database online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~Summerbell
368 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~WHO (2002):
369 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~WHO (2003):
370 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~WHO (2004):
371 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~WHO (2004):
372 III, 10. 2. 1 | database online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~WHO Regional
373 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October2007).~ ~WHO Regional
374 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~WHO Regional
375 III, 10. 2. 1 | report online, accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~WHO Regional
376 III, 10. 2. 1 | Int J Nurs Pract. 12: 110-8.~ ~Chen J, Berry MJ (2003):
377 III, 10. 2. 1 | lifestyles in Europe 22(1):1-8.~ ~Gennari C (2001): Calcium
378 III, 10. 2. 1 | elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 22: 1-8.~ ~Scientific Committee
379 III, 10. 2. 3 | intake to less than 1,5 g (3,8 g) per day, an increased
380 III, 10. 2. 5 | Diabetologia 2006;49:2853 - 8~ ~Gale CR, Martyn CN (2004):
381 III, 10. 3. 1 | and a night time period of 8 hours) to inform the public
382 III, 10. 3. 1 | normal sleep for almost 8% several times a week (Swedish
383 III, 10. 3. 1 | possible as shown in Figure 8.1.1.1.~ ~Figure 10.3.1.1.
384 III, 10. 3. 1 | logarithmic scale of Figure 8.1.1.2. It was also estimated
385 III, 10. 3. 1 | and a night time period of 8 hours. The noise indicator
386 III, 10. 3. 1 | period, Lnight will cover 8 hours starting at 23.00
387 III, 10. 3. 1 | Physics, vol.92, no. 4, 371-8.~Lucas R, McMichael T, Smith
388 III, 10. 3. 2 | only dealt with in Chapter 8.2.2 and not in the present
389 III, 10. 3. 2 | The first round in 1987/8 included 12 European countries
390 III, 10. 3. 4 | collective reduction target of 8% for 2008-2012. Additional
391 III, 10. 3. 4 | and transport to around € 8 bn.~ ~New research confirms
392 III, 10. 4. 2 | genetically modified organisms; (8) dietetic products, nutrition
393 III, 10. 4. 2(31)| OJ L 224, 18.8.1990, p.19~
394 III, 10. 4. 2 | per 100 000~Increasing (7.8% in 2005)~Poultry meat and
395 III, 10. 4. 2 | cases in 2005 increased by 7.8% compared to the previous
396 III, 10. 4. 2 | and dioxin-like~PCBs in 8% of the~population was above~
397 III, 10. 4. 2(35)| on cereals (OJ L 221, 7.8.1986, p 37).~
398 III, 10. 4. 2(36)| animal origin (OJ L 221, 7.8.1986, p 43).~
399 III, 10. 4. 2 | Biomonitoring” in Chapter 8.1.2. has pointed out how
400 III, 10. 4. 2 | genetically modified organisms (8).~ ~Guidelines for risk-benefit
401 III, 10. 4. 2 | European Communities No. L 117, 8 May 1990. Available at:~htt ~ ~
402 III, 10. 4. 3 | of the outbreaks and 34.8% of the cases of illnesses.
403 III, 10. 4. 3 | agent was implicated (0.8% of the cases of illness).
404 III, 10. 4. 3 | priority substances and 8 other pollutants) that pose
405 III, 10. 4. 3 | Council Directive 76/160/EC of 8 December 1975 concerning
406 III, 10. 4. 3 | priority substances and 8 other pollutants. COM(2006)
407 III, 10. 4. 3 | Burden of Disease Series, No 8. Geneva.~Water Information
408 III, 10. 4. 4 | manufacturing (see Chapter 8.1.2.) and use of consumer
409 III, 10. 4. 5 | priority substances and 8 other pollutants. COM(2006)
410 III, 10. 4. 5 | 900 million tonnes, or 3.8 - 4.1 tonnes of waste per
411 III, 10. 4. 5 | estimates show that more than 8 % (or nearly 250 000 sites)
412 III, 10. 4. 5 | related to exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and related compounds)
413 III, 10. 5. 1 | population across the EU is 8-12 million, mainly concentrated
414 III, 10. 5. 1 | 10.5.1.8. References~Bagaeen SG (
415 III, 10. 5. 1 | November 1998, pp. 1389-1396(8)~ ~European Child Safety
416 III, 10. 5. 1 | Public Health. 28(3):174-8, 2000 Sep.~Hänninen, O,
417 III, 10. 5. 2 | Lithuania, 2006~ ~Figure 10.5.2.8. Mortality rates in urban
418 III, 10. 5. 2 | difference is 2 years (77.8 years in urban and 75.7
419 III, 10. 5. 2 | rural and urban settings (8.5%), while for boys the
420 III, 10. 5. 2 | injuries (see also Section 8.3.1.)~Different than for
421 III, 10. 5. 2 | observational study. BMJ, 317: 576-8.~ ~Van Bergen JEAM et al. (
422 III, 10. 5. 3 | affected resulting in app. 8 days per employee and 27
423 III, 10. 5. 3 | population) at a cost of € 10.8 billion. Thus, premature
424 III, 10. 5. 3 | disease in 2000 summed up to 2.8 billion Euro in 7 European
425 III, 10. 5. 3 | their work (table 10.5.3.8). This perceived impact
426 III, 10. 5. 3 | their work.~ ~Table 10.5.3.8. Perceived impact of work
427 III, 10. 5. 3 | to 64 years, stood at 63.8% in 2005 in the EU25, 3.
428 III, 10. 5. 3 | from 2.0% in Slovakia to 49.8% in the Netherlands.~· 164.
429 III, 10. 5. 3 | in the Netherlands.~· 164.8 million workers were employees.
430 III, 10. 5. 3 | which 48.9% were women and 8.0% were people aged 55-64).~·
431 III, 10. 5. 3 | were people aged 55-64).~· 8.7 million were in long term
432 III, 10. 5. 3 | unemployment (one year and more).~· 8.4% of the young people aged
433 III, 10. 5. 3 | net migration rate was 2.8 per 1000 pople in EU25.
434 III, 10. 5. 3 | even taking into account 1.8 million immigrating into
435 III, 10. 6. 1 | range from 3 to 14. Scores 3-8 are considered to reflect
436 III, 10. 6. 1 | Britain) to 84% (France). In 8 of the countries/regions
437 III, 10. 6. 2 | against communicable diseases~8. Safe sexuality and good
438 IV, 11. 1. 5 | most adverse events (81.8%) (Wilson et al, 1995).
439 IV, 11. 1. 5 | consequently, have hospitals stays 8 to 12 days longer than they
440 IV, 11. 1. 5 | from 0 (least satisfied) to 8 (most satisfied). Highest
441 IV, 11. 1. 5 | health system (scale of 1-8)~ ~
442 IV, 11. 1. 6 | accounting standards (including 8 (1%), 214 (12%), and 18
443 IV, 11. 2. 1 | EU15 and an increase of 0.8. hospitals in the new Member
444 IV, 11. 3. 2 | between 1995 and 2005), 3.8 in Belgium, 4 in Sweden,
445 IV, 11. 3. 2 | company agreements.~ ~Table 11.8. Contribution of European
446 IV, 11. 3. 2 | exceed that of Europe (4.8%). This trend is expected
447 IV, 11. 4 | covered by HTA (Figure 11.8).~ ~Figure 11.8. HTA as
448 IV, 11. 4 | Figure 11.8).~ ~Figure 11.8. HTA as an input to priority-setting
449 IV, 11. 5. 3 | different settings~ ~Only 8 countries have binding official
450 IV, 11. 6. 1 | Ireland, economic growth of 8.8% in the 1990s explains
451 IV, 11. 6. 1 | Ireland, economic growth of 8.8% in the 1990s explains the
452 IV, 11. 6. 2 | in spending from 7.3% to 8.3% GDP in a four-year period (
453 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Mossialos, 2008) (see Section 11.8.3 on Progressivity).~ ~Social
454 IV, 11. 6. 2 | CSG) have fallen from 11.8% to 0.75% of gross earnings.
455 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Austria (€4.25) and the UK (€8.80), whereas a fixed deductible
456 IV, 11. 6. 4 | Finance~Department of Health~8 health boards~No capitation.
457 IV, 11. 6. 4 | SCHIA allocates funds to 8 regional funds~ ~Size and
458 IV, 11. 6. 4 | Czech partner, since 2007 8 funds are present in Czech Republic;
459 IV, 11. 6. 5 | in Health Care 11(3): 233-8.~ ~Dovey SM, Phillips RL
460 IV, 11. 6. 5 | for the NHS." BMJ 320: 197-8.~ ~Mossialos E, Le Grand
461 IV, 11. 6. 5 | and Community Health 58(8): 655-8.~ ~Øvretveit J (
462 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Community Health 58(8): 655-8.~ ~Øvretveit J (2001): "
463 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Journal of Medicine 294:582-8.~ ~Saltman RB (2004): Social
464 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Pharmacotherapy 26: 422-8.~ ~Taxis K, Barber N (2003): "
465 IV, 12. 1 | Art. 95 (3), (6) and (8) concerning health in relation
466 IV, 12. 2 | imports, thereby contributing €8.9 bn to the goods account
467 IV, 12. 4 | is provided in Table 12.8.~ ~ ~Table 12.8. Financial
468 IV, 12. 4 | Table 12.8.~ ~ ~Table 12.8. Financial community instruments
469 IV, 12. 8 | 12.8. International initiatives~ ~
470 IV, 12. 10 | Federal Ministry of Health and 8 federal states, see http .~“
471 IV, 12. 10 | Ministerial Decisions 76017 (1-8-2002) and 82942 (12-9-2003)
472 IV, 12. 10 | neahygeia.gr/foreas.php?IssueID=8&lang=en). It enumerates
473 IV, 12. 10 | family and professional life~8. supporting job desegregation~
474 IV, 12. 10 | according with Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament
475 IV, 12. 10 | months~Domain of objective 8~ ~Education policy~Public
476 IV, 12. 10 | ages~Domain of objective 8~ ~Health and medical care
477 IV, 12. 10 | inhabitants~Domain of objective 8~ ~Justice policy~Education
478 IV, 12. 10 | against communicable diseases~8. Safe sexuality and a good
479 IV, 13.Acr | the Netherlands (from 2.8% in 1990 to 5% in 2004).
480 IV, 13. 2. 3 | estimated to be 4.1%, 4.4%, 2.8%, 2.3%, respectively. Worldwide,
481 IV, 13. 2. 4 | European countries (Table 13.8).~ ~ ~Table 13.6. WHO estimates
482 IV, 13. 3 | always guaranteed. Some 8% of EU citizens live at
483 IV, 13. 7. 2 | noticeably higher in the US (26.8%) than in the EU (18.4%)
484 IV, 13. 7. 5 | regard (EU, 1995).~ ~Article 8 of the Directive on the
485 IV, 13. 7. 5 | more or less copied Article 8 as described above, though
486 IV, 13. 7. 5 | Paragraph 3 of Article 8 might provide a legal basis
487 IV, 13. 7. 5 | the paragraphs of Article 8 of the Directive relevant
488 IV, 13. 8 | 13.8. Civil society involvement
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